User:JMiall/Little Langdale

Little Langdale is a valley in the Lake District, England containing Little Langdale Tarn and a hamlet also called Little Langdale. A second tarn, Blea Tarn, is in a hanging valley between Little Langdale and the larger Great Langdale to the north. Little Langdale is flanked on the south and southwest by Wetherlam and Swirl How and to the north and northwest by Lingmoor Fell and Pike of Blisco. The valley descends to join with Great Langdale above Elter Water.

Description
Langdale was previously known as Langdene meaning 'far away wooded valley' and refering to its distance along the flint route from Whitley Bay.

Historically Little Langdale was at the intersection of packhorse routes leading to Ravenglass, Whitehaven, Keswick, Penrith & Carlisle, Ambleside, Hawkshead, and Coniston, Ulverston, Broughton and Barrow in Furness. Slater's Bridge which crosses the River Brathay in 3 spans supported by a large mid-stream boulder and stone causeways is a 17th century, slate-built, former packhorse bridge on one of these routes. Today metalled roads from Little Langdale lead west over Wrynose Pass and Hardknott towards Eskdale, northwest by Blea Tarn to Great Langdale, northeast to Elterwater and east to the Skelwith Bridge - Coniston road.

National Cycle Network’s Regional Route 37 between Ambleside and Ulverston runs through the valley.

The National Trust owns many farms and areas of land in the valley, many of which date from the 17th century. Other than the farms and houses the village also has a Post Office open one day per week and an inn. The Three Shires Inn was built in 1872 and is named after the Three Shires Stone two miles away.

The valley has an annual rainfall of 2408 mm, higher than the Lake District average, which is itself considerably wetter than the UK average. The land in Little Langdale is now mainly used for sheep and cattle farming, although until 1940 at least some of the farmland was ploughed.

The valley was used as a venue in March 2006 for practising a 'mujahidin commando raid' by a group, one of whom was later convicted for terrorism related offences.

Mining
Little Langdale has been heavily mined and quarried over the last several hundred years particularly for copper and slate although there is little activity there at present. Workings in the vicinity include the extensive slate quarries at Hodge Close, Tilberthwaite and the mines on the southern slopes of Wetherlam. A nearby mine at Hawk Rigg possibly dates from the Elizabethan era and it was reported in 1709 that iron ore was mined in the area.

The rock in the valley is generally Borrowdale tuff and rhyolite with andesite sills with areas of slate, particularly to the south.

Cathedral Quarries
Cathedral Quarries (Grid NY308028), a set of disused inter-linked quarries for green slate, is above the valley in Atkinson Coppice. The quarry site is now managed by the National Trust and can be entered by the public. It features various chambers and tunnels, including one which is 400 feet long. The quarry's main attraction, 'The Cathedral', is a 40 foot high main chamber lit by two windows with a huge rock pillar supporting the roof. Some of the quarry smaller chambers are closed off for safety or have already collapsed. The quarry features at least 25 named rock climbing routes that are graded Extreme and are 30-40 m long. The spoil heaps from these mines form large banks where silver birch and larch now grow.

Greenburn Mine
Greenburn Mine (also known as New Coniston Mine), close to Greenburn Beck and the disused Greenburn reservoir, is 'widely regarded as the best preserved copper mine in the Lake District.' The mine was mostly worked in the mid-19th century but may have been operated from the late 17th century. It closed in 1865 but later re-opened with activity possibly until 1940. The shafts of the mine reached a depth of 700 ft below ground level. The mine workings featured the large Engine Shaft with winding and pumping gear powered by a 9.8 m overshot wheel, various other shafts and adits, a spalling floor, a crushing mill powered by a second water-wheel, an inclined tramways and two precipitation tanks. There are remains of buildings including a smithy, office, two-storey accommodation block, dry store & miners' changing house and explosives store.

At least five copper veins were mined named the Sump, Pave York, Low Gill and Gossan Veins. By 1906 the mine was run by the Greenburn and Tilberthwaite Syndicate who were relaced in 1912 by the Langdale Silver, Lead and Copper Company. The reservoir when built in the 19th century was around 1.6 ha in area but a storm in the winter of 1979-80 caused the dam to burst reducing its height from around 7.5 m to the current 6 m. The effect of the damburst is visible in sediment cores from the downstream Little Langdale Tarn.

Blea Tarn
Blea Tarn situated in a small hanging valley between Great Langdale and Little Langdale. A carpark for twenty vehicles is sited close to the tarn with an all-ability trail leading around the tarn. The tarn is forested on its western shore with rhododendrons also found there, the other shores being grassland. Blea Tarn was characterised in 1969 as being low in nutrients and acidic but not having suffered from fertiliser pollution. Brown trout, perch and pike can all be found in the tarn.

Blea Tarn was designated a SSSI in 1989 because of its importance for palaeo-environmental studies relating to the Devensian and Flandrian times. Pollen analysis from Blea Tarn shows evidence for elm branches being collected as fodder from 3300 BC and forest clearances occuring from around 3000 to 2000 BC corresponding with the dates of the Great Langdale axe factory

The nearby Side Pike SSSI was designated in 1977 as one of the few areas in the British Isles where rock demonstrating subaerial volcanic processes are seen. The ignimbrite and tuff rocks there form part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group.

Little Langdale Tarn
Little Langdale Tarn is a natural tarn within a marshy area of the valley. The area around the tarn is managed by the National Trust and has no public access. It is typical Southern Cumbrian meso-oligotrophic tarn, whilst not at a particularly high altitude itself it has a mean catchment altitude 520 m. (find ref!)

The tarn and aproximately 30 ha of its fringing habitats were designated a SSSI in 1965. The habitat types next to the tarn are 'single-species dominant swamp, acid-poor fen, acidic species-rich marshy grassland, hay meadow and wet woodland'. It was surveyed for diatoms in 1984 and 1999, the changes being consistent with the pH of the lake having increased however diatoms from sediment cores indicate a decrease in tarn pH from 6.3 to 5.8.

Little Langdale Tarn was several times larger at the end of the last ice age, the lost area has become filled with sediment and resulted in the flat farmland beside the current lake. The catchment area is a sheepfarm of rough grassland and sphagnum bog in the valley bottom and surrounding fellside. Sediment cores taken at the lake show a top layer of brown organic sediment followed by a grey coloured minerogenic layer rich in copper from the mining activities at Greenburn. There is an obvious increase in the sediment accumulation rate with time - the major source being peat pipes and sheep grazing close to Wrynose Beck, a tributary of the Brathay.

Fauna and Flora
The wild fauna of the valley is similar to other nearby valleys and includes the badger, grey squirrel, hare, hedgehog, rabbit, roe deer, red deer, red fox,, stoat, weasel, buzzard, cuckoo, house martin, peregrine, raven, ring ouzel, swallow, swift, and slow worm. Rarely the adder, otter and red squirrel are seen. Pine martin, previously rare, are no longer seen in the valley. The tarn shore supports a population of Great Crested Grebe and the dark green fritillary butterfly. Twenty acres of fields around the centre of the hamlet of Little Langdale were designated a SSSI in 1989 as one of the only four remaining meadows of SSSI quality in South Cumbria. The habitat varies from floodplain near the Brathay to higher, dryer haymeadow with both being home to a wide variety of herb, grass and flower species. Grasses found in these meadows include sweet vernal-grass, wood-crane's-bill, common bent, crested dog's tail, red fescue, meadow fescue, Yorkshire-fog, smooth meadow-grass, rough meadow-grass, cock's-foot, soft brome and perennial rye-grass. Perhaps the rarest species found there is the Globe-flower.

History
The valley has a long history of inhabitation, a socketed Bronze Age axe was found on Low Fell above Greenburn Beck in 1961 and remains of an Iron Age nucleated hillfort have been found at Castle Howe - a small mound of volcanic rock - including a hut circle and ditches cut into the rock.

The Ting Mound or Thing Moot at Fellfoot Farm is a deliberately terraced mound situated close to the Roman road and other transport routes. It was used as an open-air meeting place for local government and established by Viking settlers, presumably from the tenth century onward. The mound is very similar to the Tynwald Mount and was described by H. Cowper (see below) There are remains of a medieval settlement with stone-walled houses at Seven Intakes and of a medieval farmstead with a kiln, possibly for corn-drying, close by at Long Intakes. Other possible medieval remains have been found nearby in the valley.

Wordsworth describes Little Langdale, and particularly the area around Blea Tarn, in his poem The Excursion. Many farmhouses in the area date from the 17th century. A chapel is said to have once stood close to the Bield and Tarn at Chapel Mire.

Famous Residents
Little Langdale was home to the notorious 19th century smuggler Lanty Slee. Slee had many stills for distilling moonshine whisky hidden in caves and quarries around the area, including one in a cave in Moss Rigg quarry and transported the liquor over Wrynose and Hardknott to Ravenglass. In 1840 Slee built Greenbank Farm in the valley.

The Bield (a northern English dialect word for house), a 17th century farmhouse, was home to the Brazilian sculptress Josefina de Vasconcellos for much of her life.