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Genealogical tables


The table below reflects known and probable relationships, with speculative descent indicated by a question mark "(?)".


 * Lucius Julius (Libo?)
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor in 208 BC.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 183 BC.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 166 BC.
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, consul in 157 BC.
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor in 123 BC.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar, married Poppilia.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar, married Fulvia. Consul in 90 BC, he was put to death by Fimbria in 87.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar, consul in 64 BC.
 * Lucius Julius Caesar filius, a partisan of Pompeius during the Civil War.
 * Julia, wife of (1) Marcus Antonius Creticus and (2) Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura; mother of Marcus Antonius, the triumvir.
 * Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, the orator, put to death by Fimbria in 87.
 * (?) Julia, wife of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix.
 * (?) Gaius Julius Caesar, a senator, said to have written a Roman history in Greek.
 * (?) Gaius Julius Caesar, grandfather of the dictator, married Marcia.
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, married Aurelia. Praetor in an uncertain year, he died suddenly in BC 84.
 * Julia Major, wife of (1) Lucius Pinarius and (2) Quintus Pedius; grandmother of Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius.
 * Julia Minor, wife of Marcus Atius Balbus; grandmother of Octavia the Younger and Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, married (1) Cornelia, (2) Pompeia, (3) Calpurnia.
 * Julia, wife of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
 * Ptolemaeus Caesar (Caesarion), son by Cleopatra.
 * (by adoption) Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, grandnephew (through Caesar's sister Julia Minor), born Gaius Octavius; subsequently known as the emperor Augustus, married (1) Claudia, (2) Scribonia, (3) Livia.
 * Julia the Elder, wife of (1) Marcus Claudius Marcellus, (2) Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, (3) Tiberius Claudius Nero
 * (by adoption) Gaius (Julius) Caesar, grandson, born Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa, married Claudia Livia Julia.
 * (by adoption) Lucius (Julius) Caesar, grandson, born Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa.
 * (by adoption) Tiberius (Julius) Caesar, stepson, son-in-law and successor, born Tiberius Claudius Nero; married (1) Vipsania Agrippina, (2) Julia the Elder.
 * Tiberius Claudius Nero (Tiberillus), died in infancy, 11 BC.
 * Drusus Julius Caesar the Younger, born Nero Claudius Drusus, married Claudia Livia Julia.
 * Julia Livia, wife of (1) Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus, (2) Gaius Rubellius Blandus.
 * Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus, put to death by Caligula, circa AD 38.
 * Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus Gemellus, died AD 23.
 * (by adoption) Germanicus Julius Caesar, nephew, born Tiberius Claudius Nero; married Vipsania Agrippina.
 * Nero Julius Caesar, accused of treason, he died in AD 31. Married Julia Livia.
 * Drusus (Julius) Caesar, accused of treason, he died in AD 33. Married Aemilia Lepida.
 * Gaius (Julius) Caesar Germanicus, better known as the emperor Caligula, married (1) Junia Claudilla, (2) Livia Orestilla, (3) Lollia Paulina, (4) Milonia Caesonia.
 * Julia Drusilla.
 * Julia Agrippina, better known as Agrippina the Younger, wife of (1) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, (2) Gaius Sallustius Crispus, (3) Tiberius Claudius Drusus, the emperor Claudius; mother of Emperor Nero.
 * Julia Drusilla, wife of (1) Lucius Cassius Longinus, (2) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
 * Julia Livilla, wife of Marcus Vinicius.
 * (by adoption) Agrippa Julius Caesar, grandson, born Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus.
 * Julia, wife of Gaius Marius.
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, consul in BC 91.
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, Flamen Quirinalis.
 * Sextus Julius Caesar, governor of Syria, killed in a revolt, BC 46.

Male lineage
The male line of the family, showing both natural and adoptive lineage through the Julio-Claudian emperors.



Around the start of the Common Era, the family trees of the gens Julia and the gens Claudia became intertwined into the Julio-Claudian family tree as a result of marriages and adoptions.

Descendancy of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first dynasty of Roman emperors. All emperors of that dynasty descended from Julii Caesares and/or from Claudii. Marriages between descendants of Sextus Julius Caesar and Claudii had occurred from the late stages of the Roman Republic, but the intertwined Julio-Claudian family tree resulted mostly from adoptions and marriages in Imperial Rome's first decades. Note that descendancy of the Julii Caesares before the generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather is in part conjectural, but as presented by scholars.


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By generation
In the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors, the lineage of the Julii Caesares was separated from those of the Claudii up to Augustus' generation. The next generation had both Claudii with a Julia as ancestor, as Claudii adopted into the Julii Caesares family. After Tiberius, the remaining three emperors of the dynasty had, outside adoptions, ancestors in both the Julian and the Claudian families.

Generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather
Gaius Julius Caesar II and Lucius Julius Caesar II may have had Sextus Julius Caesar, the military tribune of 181 BC, as a common ancestor.

Generation of Julius Caesar's father
This generation of Julii Caesares has two consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar in 91 BC, and Lucius Julius Caesar the next year. This generation has also two female descendants very close to the centers of power by their marriages: Julia, the daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II was married to seven-times consul Gaius Marius, while Julia, the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II was married to the two-times consul and Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had successfully challenged Marius' power. For ensuing generations, Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia), married to a consul's daughter, and Lucius Julius Caesar proved to be quintessential ancestors of those who held Imperial power in the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Julius Caesar's generation
Following Sulla's example Julius Caesar's and Pompey's first marriages were with women of their own generation, later marrying women of a younger generation. After being betrothed to Cossutia, Julius Caesar's first wife was Cornelia, the mother of Julia. The younger of Caesar's two sisters married Marcus Atius Balbus: they were ancestors of all the Julio-Claudian emperors, apart from Tiberius.

This is also the generation of Mark Antony's parents. Mark Antony's mother Julia was the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar: she was an ancestor of the last three emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter
By this time marriages with a political agenda among the powerful families were in full swing, however not yet between Julii Caesares and Claudii. Pompey married Julius Caesar's daughter Julia. Julius Caesar's second wife Pompeia, possibly a great-granddaughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II, was a granddaughter of Sulla. His third wife Calpurnia is said to be younger than his daughter. His son Caesarion resulted from his relation with Cleopatra.

Atia, the daughter of Julius Caesar's sister, married Gaius Octavius: they became the parents of the first emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, then still called Octavianus. Their daughter Octavia the Younger became an ancestor to the last three emperors of that dynasty. In this generation Mark Antony had children by, among others, Antonia Hybrida Minor, and Fulvia.

Generation of the Octavias
The Claudii were a powerful gens with consuls and other high ranking politicians in several of its families across several generations. In this generation the first marriages between Claudii and descendants of the Julii Caesares took place. This however didn't mean yet that the dynastic family trees of both gentes got merged into a single one: that didn't happen until the adoption of Claudii by (adopted) Julii Caesares in the generations to come.

Octavia the Younger's first husband was a Claudius from the Marcelli family. Claudia, descending from Claudii, became the first wife of Octavian, who by then was adopted in the Julii Caesares family by the testament of his uncle Julius Caesar. After her first husband's death, Octavia married Mark Antony, who besides the offspring of his first three marriages had had children by Cleopatra.

Augustus daughter Julia the Elder's first marriage was to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa; their daughter Julia the Younger married Lucius Aemilius Paullus; their youngest child was Junia Lepida married to Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul AD 30). Junia and Gaius granddaughter Domitia Longina married twice: 1) Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus and 2) Emperor Domitian of the Flavian dynasty. Issue from Domitia Longina first marriage was Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus and Plautia, their children married into the Antonine dynasty.

Antonia Major's generation
Octavianus, becoming Augustus the first Roman emperor, married Scribonia who gave him a daughter (Julia the Elder). His last marriage was with Livia, a Claudia who had been married to a Claudius. Their son Tiberius, by birth a Claudius, was later adopted by Augustus, thus, like his stepfather Augustus, becoming one of the Julii Caesares by adoption.

Antonia Minor's generation
Antonia Minor's husband Nero Claudius Drusus, a.k.a. Drusus the Elder, was a Claudian like his brother emperor Tiberius: they were the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero, the praetor of 42 BC.

Agrippina the Elder's generation
Without son, Augustus had adopted his grandsons (by his only daughter Julia) Gaius, Lucius and Postumus, and his stepson Tiberius, in order to ensure an heir and successor. Around the time of his death only Tiberius remained and he became the next emperor. Tiberius, a Claudius by birth had become one of the Julii Caesares by adoption: from this moment this first dynasty of Roman emperors was both Julian and Claudian. The further emperors of this dynasty had both Julian and Claudian ancestors.

Agrippina the Younger's generation
Caligula was the last emperor adopted into the family of the Julii Caesares. He was a Claudius by descendance, although he had Julii Caesares among his ancestors, from both his mother's and his father's side.

Most marriages remained childless and many potential successors in the dynasty were eliminated after rampant accusations.

Claudius, the fourth emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, was a brother to Caligula's father Germanicus. He belonged to the gens Claudia with, from his mother's side, Julian ancestors.

Poppaea Sabina's generation
Nero, the last emperor of the dynasty, was by birth a Domitius with as well Julian ancestors (from both his mother's as his father's side), as Claudian (from his mother's side). He became a Claudian himself, by adoption by his stepfather emperor Claudius, a brother to his grandfather from his mother's side, or, from his father's side, a son of his grandmother's sister.

Survival after the fall of Nero
The lineage of Augustus endured into the era of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty, the house that succeeded the Flavians. Augustus' bloodline outlived his dynasty through the descendants of his first granddaughter, Julia the Younger, who married Lucius Aemilius Paullus and gave birth to Aemilia Lepida. After marrying Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, Aemilia gave birth to several children, including Junia Calvina and Junia Lepida. Although Calvina died childless, she was married to Lucius Vitellius, whose elder brother was the short-lived emperor Vitellius. Her younger sister, Junia Lepida, married Gaius Cassius Longinus and produced a daughter called Cassia Longina. The Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo married Cassia, who provided him with two daughters, including Domitia Longina, later wife of the emperor Domitian. By her first husband, Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus, Domitia Longina may have been the mother or maternal grandmother of Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus. Fundanius married Rupilia, sister of Rupilia Faustina, and had a son, Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus, consul in AD 145, as well as a daughter, Fundania, married to Marcus Annius Libo, consul in AD 128. Fundania's offspring included Marcus Annius Libo, suffect consul in AD 161, and Annia Fundania Faustina (d. AD 192), wife of Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio. Faustina and both of her children, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio (d. AD 182) and Vitrasia Faustina, were executed by Commodus on the charge of conspiracy.

In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called Cassius Lepidus. Around AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named Cassia Lepida, who married Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus, a descendant of Herod the Great, Ptolemy VI Philometor and Antiochus VIII Gryphus. Julia Cassia Alexandria, Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married Gaius Avidius Heliodorus and ultimately gave birth to Gaius Avidius Cassius. Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either Volusia Vettia or Volusia Maeciana); they were Avidius Heliodorus, Avidius Maecianus and Avidia Alexandra. In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of Marcus Aurelius, whose survival made Cassius a usurper of the empire. Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his centurions assassinated him in favour of Marcus Aurelius. Cassius' daughter, Avidia, is known to have had four children with her husband, Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius: the senator Claudius Cassius Aggripinus, Claudia Maeciana Alexandra, Claudia Vettia Agrippina, and Claudia Dryantilla Platonis, one of the women who took part in the ludi saeculares of the year AD 204.

Tiberius' lineage may have survived into the 2nd century through the offspring of his granddaughter Julia Livia, wife of Gaius Rubellius Blandus. Apart from a son, Rubellius Plautus, executed by Nero in AD 62, Julia had a daughter or step-daughter, Rubellia Bassa, who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor Nerva by the name of Gaius Octavius Laenas. Together Laenas and Bassa had at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus, consul in AD 131.