User:Ja172984/practice

Dhat Syndrome
Dhat syndrome is a culture bound sex neurosis characterized by severe anxiety and hypochondriacal concerns associated with the discharge of semen primarily through urine, nocturnal emission, or masturbation. Whitish discoloration of the urine, feelings of weakness, exhaustion, palpitation, and sleeplessness and other vague somatic and psychological complaints are associated with an anxious and dysphoric mood state. The main causes of Dhat syndrome are believed to be masturbation and/or excessive indulgence in sexual activities, venereal diseases, urinary tract infections, overeating, constipation or worm infestation, disturbed sleep, or genetic factors. The majority of patients believe that the composition of Dhat is semen. Others believe it to be sugar, concentrated urine, infection, or something unknown.

Classification
Dhat syndrome has been variously described as a culture–bound sex neurosis,  a  culture–bound anxiety state, a hypochondriacal neurosis, and a symptom of depression. Dhat syndrome may be identified with or without psychosexual dysfunction. Neurotic depression and generalized anxiety diroder are commonly seen in patients with Dhat syndrome. Dhat syndrome can often be divided into three subgroups: (1) Dhat syndrome alone; (2) Dhat syndrome with anxiety and depressive symptoms; (3) Dhat syndrome with sexual dysfunction. Among those diagnosed with Dhat syndrome, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation are commonly associated psychosexual dysfunctions and depressive neurosis, anxiety neurosis, and somatoform/hypocondriasis are the most reported psychiatric disorders.

Dhat Origin
The word "Dhat" derives from the Sanskrit word dhatu, meaning "mental," elixir," or "constituent part of the body." Although dhat is considered to be a culture bound syndrome, semen loss concern is not only confined to the Indian Subcontinent but is seen in many other cultures and is prevalent in areas across the globe including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and areas where the Hindu culture prevails or used to prevail. Historical evidence suggests that Dhat was prevalent in Europe, USA, and Australia in the 19th century.

Some ancient teachings portray semen as a vital life giving force, as essential to life as blood itself. According to Indian tradition, the term virya stands for both vigour and semen and is considered the source of physical and spiritual strength. In Indian culture, the loss of virya through any sexual act or imagery, including masturbation and wet dreams, is considered both physically and spiritually harmful.Thus, it can be inferred that in various cultures of the world, semen loss has been a concern and is believed to weaken the body and cause disease. ..

Epidemiology
Those with Dhat syndrome are usually young, recently married or single, belonging to average or low socioeconomic status, from rural areas, and from families with conservative attitudes towards sex. The overall incidence of Dhat Syndrome in India is between 10 and 30%. The duration of the syndrome is widely varied, ranging from less than three months to one year or even as many as 20 years. Follow-up studies have shown that the majority of patients recover or improves and very few remain unchanged.

Symptoms
The main symptoms of Dhat syndrome are fatigue and preoccupation with semen loss. Wig (1960) first described dhat as "vague somatic symptoms of fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt, and sexual dysfunction attributed by the patient to loss of semen in nocturnal emissions, through urine, and masturbation." These conditions are attributed to semen loss though there is no evidence of actual loss of semen. It is also characterized by:
 * severe anxiety
 * hypochondriacal concerns with discharge of semen
 * whitish discoloration of the urine
 * weakness and exhaustion

Treatment
Ways in which Dhat can be managed include cognitive behavioral therapy, emphatic listening, reassurance and correction of erroneous beliefs, sex education, relaxation therapy, counseling, and medications. Anti-anxiety and anti-depression medications are often used. Placebos are also commonly used to help patients cope with Dhat syndrome.