User:Jaak Nijssen/Sandbox2

Geologic roots of artifacts and geologic influences on them
Geoarchaeologists are i.a. concerned with the geological facts that affect  the ontstaan and the waardevermindering - affevtés of  artifacts.

Archaeological geology (term coined by Werner Kasig 1980), a sub-field of geology, rather emphasises te value of earth constituents for human life.

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Archaeological geology
Archaeological geology (term coined by Werner Kasig 1980), is a sub-field of geology which emphasises te value of earth constituents for human life.

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Some graves are marked by impressive monuments but the majority of grave markers are ordinary. These markers show the creativity of craftsmen stonecutters. The study of markers is an application of Archaeological geology.

This article concerns mainly the North East of the European continent, with some extension  to Guilds of stonecutters.



=The North East of the continent=

Digging stone stimulated headstone traditions in the North East of the continent : a Boulonnais  tradition, a Tournay- Ecaussines tradition, a Namur- Vesdre- Aachen tradition, a Wadden tradition, a Nievelstein tradition, a schiste tradition, a Liedberg tradition, a Siebengebirge tradition, a Mendig basalt tradition,   a Lorraine tradition.

Geological base
The sand, the clay and the somewhat harder rocks of the “B"'s were used in constructing buildings and, to a modest extent, for small monuments.

"M" consists mainly of relatively hard rocks. Those were used for building blocks (French: moellons, German : Bruchstein) and for small monuments.In the Neighborhood of Cologne ( German Köln)  and of Koblenz, vulcanic activity during yy, provided respectivily the yy and the Basalt yy, which gave an yy to ther surroundings and sometimes wide in the ...

In the transient hem "Z", in German “Subvaristischer Saum”, the limestones and sandstones present themself as alternating waves. Those were beloved material for the building and have been appreciated for small autonomous, mostly monolithic monuments, such as headstones.

To the hem "Z" belons also the Ferques inlier (French:  "Boutonnière") in the Boulonnais, south of Calais, only some 60 km2 in surface, with layers from the Middle- Devonian (-385 Ma.) up to the Upper Visean (-325 Ma.). Those layers provided material for the building and for small monuments.

It is to notice that "M" has no such hem in the south, what is important for building and freestanding small monuments.

The Namur- Vesdre- Aachen tradition
A group of stonecutters used carboniferous limsestone found along the Meuse River, from Namur until Liège (and as far as Aachen).

= Guilds of stonecutters ?= Some discoidal crosses in the Pyrenees, on the Continent and in Kent resemble so much to each other, that a production by travelling craftssmen becomes probable, concordant to the uses in the mediaeval building yards.

=references=


 * Dreesen, Roland + Dusar, M. + Doperé, F., 2001. Atlas Natuursteen in Limburgse monumentenx- 2e druk. LIKONA. ISBN 90 - 74605 - 18 - 4


 * Groessens, Eric, 1993. Calcaires et grès mésozoiques exploités comme pierre de construction en Gaume ( Belgique) et dans le Gutland (Grand Duché de Luxembourg) in: Geologie, tijdschrift.


 * Groessens, Eric, 1991. Les matériaux de construction des formations d’age secondaire Belgo-Luxembourgeoises.


 * Groessens, Eric s.d. Les matériaux de construction de Belgique et du Nord de la France. online: http://www.geologie-info.com/articles.php?Article=


 * histopale, s.d. Les materiaux de construction du boulonnais = Mémoires du canton de marquise - l’ histoire des communes du canton de marquise mise a votre disposition par histopale. online: http://membres.lycos.fr/histopale/materio1.htm


 * Jonghe, Sabine de + Tourneur, Francis + Ducarme, Pierre + Groessens, Eric + e.a.,, , 1996. Pierres à bâtir traditionnelles de la Wallonie - manuel de terrain. Jambes / Louvain la Neuve ucl,chab / dgrne / region wallonne.

cfr. online.
 * Slinger, A. + Janse, H. + Berends, G., 1980. Natuursteen in monumenten. Zeist / Baarn Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg.
 * http://sgfr.free.fr/publier/coeditions/Geochronique/Geochronique89-pierre.html