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Structural Violence contributions:

I will be contributing stats regarding structural violence, with an emphasis on the effects on it in the United States in order to put perspective on local effects, in contrast to the international aspects that are listed. I will also look to contribute other aspects as to why this problem exists than just the access to health care, as health care is the lone topic with a lengthy section of its own after the introduction.

Cultural violence also needs some elaboration, in addition to Galtung's contributions to the matter. Looks into the political system from Stone (below) will contribute to as to why this exists, as will examples in major US cities, elaborated on by Inwood, Alderman, and Barron in the case of Greensboro and Detroit, and Whittle in San Francisco.

Lee, Bandy X. "Causes And Cures VII: Structural Violence." Aggression & Violent Behavior 28.(2016): 109-114. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

"It refers to the avoidable limitations society places on groups of people that constrain them from achieving the quality of life that would have otherwise been possible. These limitations could be political, economic, religious, cultural, or legal in nature and usually originate in institutions that have authority over particular subjects."

"Structural violence directly illustrates a power system wherein social structures or institutions cause harm to people in a way that results in maldevelopment or deprivation."

" A key aspect of structural violence is that it is often subtle, invisible, and accepted as a matter of course; even more difficult than detecting this type of violence is assigning culpability, for the actors are often impossible to identify."

"Between 10 to 20 million per year (Høivik, 1977), these are about ten times the rates of those from suicide, homicide, and warfare combined."

Elaboration on Galling and his studies/findings.

Contemporary Examples.

Inwood, Joshua, Derek Alderman, and Melanie Barron. "Addressing Structural Violence Through US Reconciliation Commissions: The Case Study Of Greensboro, NC And Detroit, MI." Political Geography 52.(2016): 57-64. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

Chopra, Anayika. "Structural Violence." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies 1.4 (2014): 19-23. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

Farmer's study in Haidi.

Klein and "He throws light upon the fact that not only the poor but people from other social strata also become victims of violence in their everyday life."

Stone, Livia K. "Suffering Bodies And Scenes Of Confrontation: The Art And Politics Of Representing Structural Violence." Visual Anthropology Review31.2 (2015): 177-189. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

The term structural violence draws attention to the idea that people are dying violent and unnecessary deaths and those responsible are not assassins and murderers, but social, political, and economic structures that prevent particular populations from having access to clean water, basic healthcare, living wages, and safe living conditions.

Malešević, Siniša. "HOW OLD IS HUMAN BRUTALITY? On The Structural Origins Of Violence." Common Knowledge 22.1 (2016): 81-104. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

As Michael Mann cogently argues, in the context of state formation, increased organizational power is a trade-off, whereby the individual obtains more security and food in exchange for his or her freedom.67 Mann’s point needs extending to cover all social organizations, not just the state. The early chiefdoms were not states, obviously; still, they were established on a similar basis—an inversely proportional relationship between security and resources, on the one hand, and liberty, on the other. (This generalization applies as well to many other nonstate organizations—from city-states, city-leagues, guilds, free towns, and trading companies to private corporations—throughout history.) For our purposes here, the most significant point to establish is that individuals who are subject to centralized, well-coordinated organizations are not only less likely to experience constant hunger or to die in an animal attack but also almost certain to become involved in protracted, organized violence of various kinds, from blood feuds to warfare. Organizational structures can acquire a potency far beyond any that individuals can have on their own. If it were not for the emergence of complex social organizations, human beings would never have developed agriculture, technology, science, industry, art, and philosophy—civilization, in short—but those organizations are mechanisms for destruction as well as for production. The early hunter-gatherer chiefdoms relied on organizational power to generate more food and better living [End Page 102] conditions, but the same power was used as well to dominate, enslave, and kill in the attempt to acquire resources, territory, and status.

Whittle, Henry J., et al. "Food Insecurity, Chronic Illness, And Gentrification In The San Francisco Bay Area: An Example Of Structural Violence In United States Public Policy." Social Science & Medicine 143.(2015): 154-161. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

Food Insecurity