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Oceans

climate: An oceanic climate, also called marine west coast climate, maritime climate and Cascadian climate for Köppen climate classification Cfb and subtropical highland for Köppen Cfb or Cwb, is a type of climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the world's continents. This climate generally features warm, but not hot summers and cool, but not cold winters, with a narrow annual temperature range. It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is more evenly dispersed through the year. It is the predominant climate type across much of Europe, coastal northwestern North America, portions of southern South America and small areas of Africa, southeast Australia, New Zealand, as well as isolated locations elsewhere.

distruction: The most extreme change in Earth surface conditions during the Cenozoic Era began just after the temporal boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs approximately 55.0 million years ago. This event, the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, alternatively "Eocene thermal maximum 1" (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum",[1] (IETM/LPTM)), was associated with rapid (in geological terms) global warming, profound changes in ecosystems, and major perturbations in the carbon cycle. Global temperatures rose by about 6 °C (11 °F) over a period of approximately 20,000 years. That is a 0.0003 °C (.00055 °F) increase per year. Many benthic foraminifera and terrestrial mammals went extinct, but numerous modern mammalian orders emerged. The event is linked to a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope (δ13C) records from across the globe, and dissolution of carbonate deposited on all ocean basins. The latter observations strongly suggest that a massive input of 13C-depleted carbon entered the hydrosphere or atmosphere at the start of the PETM. Recently, geoscientists have begun to investigate the PETM in order to better understand the fate and transport of increasing greenhouse-gas emissions over millennial time scales.

Endangered plants and animals: Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales.[12] The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage.[12] Lion's mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean. The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic, where they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[26] During summer, the Sun is out day and night, thus enabling the phytoplankton to photosynthesize for long periods of time and reproduce quickly. However, the reverse is true in winter where they struggle to get enough light to survive.[26]

Help Them: The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species.[29] To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.[30] As habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service(NMFS) to designate specific areas as protected "critical habitat" zones. In 1978, Congress amended the law to make critical habitat designation a mandatory requirement for all threatened and endangered species. The amendment also added economics into the process of determining habitat: "...shall designate critical habitat...on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact, and any other impact, of specifying...area as critical habitat." [31] The congressional report on the 1978 amendment described the conflict between the new Section 4 additions and the rest of the law.

plants and animals: Marine animals are divided into three groups: zooplankton, nekton, and benthos. Zooplankton are drifting animals and are usually small, however, they can grow to fairly large size. For example, the jellyfish and the Portuguese man-of-war are examples of larger types of zooplankton which are unable to propel themselves effectively and are therefore at the mercy of either wind or current. The zooplankton population also includes some temporary members such as fish eggs or larval forms of organisms which may grow up and leave the planktonic community to join the nekton or benthos.

Nekton are the free swimmers and probably the largest portion of familiar animals found in the ocean belong to this class. Common fishes, the octopus, whales, eels and squid are all examples of nekton. The nekton category includes a number of very diverse creatures. The whale, dolphin and porpoise are certainly very different from codfish or trout because whales represent sea mammals whereas cod.

Ocean Shores is a city in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. The population was 5,569 at the 2010 census. Contents  [hide] 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Schools 5 Local Churches 6 Death on the Fourth of July 7 References 8 External links [edit]History

Digging for razor clams on the beach The City of Ocean Shores occupies the Point Brown peninsula on the Washington coast. Long before the arrival of European explorers and settlers, the peninsula was used by the various local tribes for trading and other purposes. The Chinook, Chehalis, and Quinault Tribes used the area, as well as others that now make up the Quinault Indian Nation. On May 7, 1792 Captain Robert Gray sailed into the bay and named the area Bullfinch Harbor. Later, Captain George Vancouver re-named the area after Captain Gray, now called Gray's Harbor. The first white established settler on the Point was Matthew McGee, who settled in the early 1860s. He sold the southern portion of the peninsula to A.O. Damon in 1878 for a trading supply center whose dock extended into the Oyehut channel. A.O. Damon took over the entire peninsula from McGee with the land passed along to his grandson, Ralph Minard, who used the area as a cattle ranch from 1929 until he sold to the Ocean Shores Development Corporation in 1960 for $1,000,000. At the time the Washington State legislature was considering legalizing some forms of gambling. In expectation of a huge casino development, the Ocean Shores Development Corporation opened their sale of lots in a travel trailer parked in the dunes. Soon the word spread about the California-style development of the place called Ocean Shores. The price of lots began at $595 and were sold sight unseen from the first plat maps. As the numbers of lots sold rose, the prices rose. Property lots were staked and numbered only as the road construction crews began to lay out the massive road system. Even though the first roads were only 20 miles (32 km) in length, the downtown area had mercury vapor lights to show that this was a booming city. In the first year 25 homes were constructed and their owners had charter membership certificates in the Ocean Shores Community Club. As the development grew, the Ginny Simms Restaurant and Nightclub brought in the Hollywood set. In fact, on Grand Opening night chartered planes flew up a whole contingent of Hollywood stars, and 11,000 people turned out at Bowerman Basin to see the celebrities. By December, 1960, 25 miles (40 km) of canals were planned, a six-hole golf course was drawing players, and the mall shopping area was ready for the 1961 Ocean Shores Estates construction boom. The mall, 100 motel units, three restaurants and the airstrip sprang up from the sandy ground with the marina opening in 1963. The S.S. Catala was brought up from California to become a "boatel" and charter fleet office. Two years later a southwest winter storm drove her into the sand and for many years she was the most famous shipwreck on the Washington Coast. In 1966 the famous gates to the city were installed. Pat Boone became a local resident in 1967 as a stockholder in the Ocean Shores Estates Incorporated and promotion of the development was sped along by the famous Celebrity Golf tournaments hosted by Boone. By 1969 Ocean Shores was declared the "Richest Little City" with an assessed evaluation of $35 million and 900 permanent residents. The following year the city was incorporated with a planning commission formed to zone the city and codify streets. The city's first school opened in 1971 and road paving on streets began in earnest. During the 1970s, the town struggled through many setbacks brought on mainly by the state's economic recession. By the 1980s, the slump was over and construction of homes and businesses increased. [edit]Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.1 square miles (31 km2) of which 8.6 square miles (22 km2) of it is land and 3.4 square miles (8.8 km2) or 28.50% of it is water. [edit]Climate Ocean Shores experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). [hide]Climate data for Ocean Shores, Washington Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year Record high °F (°C)	68 (20)	76 (24)	76 (24)	85 (29)	93 (34)	94 (34)	96 (36)	94 (34)	92 (33)	85 (29)	69 (21)	64 (18)	96 (36) Average high °F (°C)	49 (9)	51 (11)	54 (12)	56 (13)	60 (16)	63 (17)	66 (19)	67 (19)	67 (19)	60 (16)	53 (12)	48 (9)	57.8 (14.4) Average low °F (°C)	38 (3)	37 (3)	39 (4)	41 (5)	46 (8)	49 (9)	52 (11)	52 (11)	49 (9)	44 (7)	40 (4)	36 (2)	43.6 (6.4) Record low °F (°C)	11 (−12)	9 (−13)	22 (−6)	26 (−3)	27 (−3)	33 (1)	32 (0)	35 (2)	30 (−1)	24 (−4)	12 (−11)	7 (−14)	7 (−14) Precipitation inches (mm)	11.10 (281.9)	8.18 (207.8)	8.08 (205.2)	5.73 (145.5)	3.60 (91.4)	2.57 (65.3)	1.36 (34.5)	1.64 (41.7)	2.57 (65.3)	7.56 (192)	12.09 (307.1)	10.79 (274.1)	75.27 (1,911.9) Source: [3] [edit]Demographics

Historical populations Census	Pop. %± 1970	800		— 1980	1,777		122.1% 1990	2,301		29.5% 2000	3,836		66.7% 2010	5,569		45.2% As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 3,836 people, 1,789 households, and 1,198 families residing in the city. The population density was 444.7 people per square mile (171.6/km²). There were 3,170 housing units at an average density of 367.5 per square mile (141.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.44% White, 0.60% African American, 2.19% Native American, 1.23% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from other races, and 2.63% from two or more races. The city experienced an influx of West Midland residents in the late 1990s. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 1.75% of the population. 17.4% were of German, 13.9% Irish, 12.0% English, 9.6% American, and 8.0% Norwegian ancestry according to Census 2000.