User:Jaigrayson1/sandbox

Afro Bolivians (my contribution)

Despite the Afro-Bolivian community fervently working to preserve their culture, many Afro-Bolivians have reported experiencing severe racism and feelings of isolation from society due to intolerance. Laws that actually criminalize racism and discrimination in Afro-Bolivia have slowly been ratified as the first anti-discriminatory law (law 45) was passed in 2010 and was met with violent protesting and rioting. In 2009 President Evo Morales added amendments to the national constitution that outlined the rights of Afro-Bolivians and guaranteed the protection of such liberties. The amendments also generally extended to indigenous peoples and officially recognized Afro-Bolivians as a minority group in Bolivia despite them not being included in the national census three years later. In addition to the country's constitution being updated in 2009, President Morales created the Vice Ministry for Decolonization to create policies that criminalize racism while working to improve literacy and create better race relations in Bolivia.The Vice Ministry for Decolonization also works to dismantle colorism and racism influenced by European colonization while also promoting the philosophy of "intercultural-ity" in which citizens of the nation recognize every ethnic groups' traditions and cultural practices as contributions to society.

Afro-Bolivians today

This section addresses human rights issues in Bolivia directly and indirectly concerning Afro-Bolivians. The article discusses how Bolivia is a very poor country, the second poorest in South America in fact, and how many Bolivians who do not live in the more urban areas of Bolivia face struggles in meeting their basic needs. Most Afro Bolivians, about 25,000, live in the rural, mountainous Yungas area of Bolivia so many face these issues. It has also been stated that according to the 2004 national referendum that issues such as racial discrimination, shortened life expectancy, and work discrimination.

The "Afro-Bolivians today" subsection of the "Afro-Bolivians" Wikipedia article mentions the active Afro-Bolivian monarchy and how Afro-Bolivians are working together across the country to spread awareness of their culture.

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Outline of New Contribution:

• Afro Bolivians were not recognized as an ethnic minority or being apart of Bolivia until 2009 when newly appointed President Evo Morales finally included them in turn securing their rights.

•In 2012, a law (law 200) was finally passed which included Afro Bolivians in their census. Source: http://www.bolivianexpress.org/blog/posts/a-new-era-for-the-afro-bolivian

•President Morales passed law 45 on October 8th, 2010 in which people who perform discriminatory or racist acts could be punished with jail time or fines. The law primarily focused on media outlets that promote racist materials.

• Article three of the constitution ratified in 2009 explicitly included Afro-Bolivians by stating, "The Bolivian nation is made up of the totality of Bolivians and Bolivians, the native indigenous peoples and nations, and the intercultural and Afro-Bolivian communities that together constitute the Bolivian people."

•Law 45 was the first anti discrimination law ever passed in Bolivia. It also protects indigenous groups in Bolivia.

•Some citizens reacted to the ratification of law 45 with violent protest and rioting citing that it would impede on the freedom of speech and destroy the value of intellectual property.

• The thirty second article of the constitution ratified in 2009 also mentions inclusion of Afro Bolivians by stating, "The Afro-Bolivian people enjoy, in all that pertains, the economic, social, political and cultural rights recognized in the Constitution for the original indigenous peasant nations and peoples."

•In addition to the country's constitution being updated in 2009, President Morales created the Vice Ministry for Decolonization to create policies that criminalize racism while working to improve literacy and create better race relations in Bolivia.

•The Vice Ministry for Decolonization also works to dismantle colorism and racism influenced by European colonization while also promoting the philosophy of "intercultural-ity" in which citizens of the nation recognize every ethnic groups' traditions and cultural practices as contributions to society as a whole rather than separate.

•Most Afro-Bolivians feel as if they are not welcomed by non African Bolivians.

SOURCES

Hylton-Pennant, Olivia. "A NEW ERA FOR THE AFRO-BOLIVIAN?" Bolivian Express | A New Era for the Afro-Bolivian? October 05, 2015. Accessed October 19, 2018. http://www.bolivianexpress.org/blog/posts/a-new-era-for-the-afro-bolivian.

Johnson, Brian B. "Decolonization and Its Paradoxes." Latin American Perspectives 37, no. 3 (2010): 139-59. doi:10.1177/0094582x10366535.

Morales, Evo. "República Del Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Constitución De 2009 Constitution of 2009." Bolivia: Constitution, 2009. July 5, 2011. Accessed October 18, 2018. http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Bolivia/bolivia09.html.

Rodriguez-Ferdinand, Graciela. "Global Legal Monitor." Bolivia: Law Against Racism and Any Form of Discrimination | Global Legal Monitor. November 18, 2010. Accessed October 18, 2018. https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/bolivia-law-against-racism-and-any-form-of-discrimination/.

Singham, Nate. "Bolivian Race Relations and the Struggle for Ethnic Equality." TeleSUR. March 20, 2015. Accessed October 19, 2018. https://www.telesurtv.net/english/analysis/Bolivian-Race-Relations-and-the-Struggle-for-Ethnic-Equality-20150320-0015.html.