User:Jaimejusto/sandbox

Article Evaluation

I chose an article called "Medicalization" to evaluate. The information in the article was all relevant to the topic of medicalization. While the article showed many cases as to why medicalization is a problem in society, it seemed to have under-represented the positives of medicalization hinting at a possible bias from the author which is not mentioned in the article.

Henry Gage Article
I plan on adding the public's response to Governor Gage's lies about there not being a bubonic plague outbreak. Also, I would like to add what Gage did when he could no longer hide the evidence of the outbreak. If I can't find any information regarding these topics then I'll try to add some of his efforts of giving or finding aid/support to the citizens of Chinatown.

Draft/outline State Healthboard - “January 3 1900, special legislative session called, wanted to discuss ways to improve and increase SF’s port trading with Asia, bring back State Quarantine Service since it would be left to the Marine Federal Hospital Service to screen incoming ships, introduce law allowing him to remove state appointees to try and nullify Phelan’s health board decisions.” - angel island federal quarantine inspection opened up april 1891 in addition to already exisiting state services. - state and federal quarantine officials were butting heads which affected trade negatively

-Article- From 1900 onwards, Gage's administration was often rocky. That year, the ship Australia laid anchor in the Port of San Francisco, unknowingly bringing to the city rats carrying the Third Pandemic of the bubonic plague.[7] The disease soon made home in the cramped ghetto quarters of the city's Chinatown. Rumors of the plague's presence abounded in the city, quickly gaining the notice of authorities from the federal Marine Hospital Service stationed on Angel Island, including the Marine Hospital Service's head in San Francisco, Joseph J. Kinyoun.[8][9][10]

Allied with powerful railroad and city business interests, Gage publicly denied that any pestilence outbreak in the city, fearing that any word of the bubonic plague's presence would deeply damage the city and state's economy. Supportive newspapers, such as the San Francisco Call, San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Bulletin, echoed Gage's denials, beginning what was to become an intense defamation campaign against Joseph Kinyoun, director of the San Francisco Quarantine Station. In response to the state's refuting of the plague's existence, U.S. Surgeon General Walter Wyman recommended to federal Treasury Secretary Lyman J. Gage to intervene. Secretary Gage agreed, creating a three-man medical commission to medically investigate the city. The commission conclusively discovered that bubonic plague was present.

Like Kinyoun, the Treasury commission's findings were again immediately denounced by Governor Gage. Gage believed the federal government's growing presence in the matter was a gross intrusion of what he recognized as a state concern. In his retaliation, Gage denied the federal commission any use of the University of California, Berkeley's laboratories to further study the outbreak.[11] The Bulletin would also attack the federal commission, branding it as a "youthful and inexperienced trio".

The clash between Gage and federal authorities intensified. Surgeon General Wyman instructed Kinyoun to place Chinatown under quarantine, as well as blocking all East Asians from entering state borders. Chinese residents, supported by Gage and local businesses, fought the quarantine through numerous federal court battles, claiming the Marine Hospital Service was violating their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, and in the process, launched lawsuits against Kinyoun.[11] In these court proceedings, residents insisted Gage was correct in his denials of the plague outbreak. The courts initially agreed that Chinatown residents were correct in that the quarantine violated their civil rights, yet most of these lawsuits were eventually thrown out of court on later dates.

Between 1901 and 1902, the plague outbreak continued to worsen. On January 8th, 1901, Gage pushed to allow the state health board members to delegate the local health units in attempt to monitor and control cases regarding the plague. In an 1901 address to both houses of the California State Legislature, Gage accused federal authorities, particularly Kinyoun, for injecting bubonic plague into cadavers.[12] In response to what he said to be massive scaremongering by the Marine Hospital Service, Gage pushed a censorship bill through the Legislature to gag any media reports of plague infection. The legislation failed, yet laws to gag reports amongst the medical community succeeded in passage and were signed into law by the governor. In addition, $100,000 was allocated to a public campaign led by Gage to deny the plague's existence. Privately, however, Gage sent a special commission to Washington, consisting of Southern Pacific, newspaper and shipping lawyers to negotiate a settlement with the Marine Hospital Service, whereby the federal government would remove Kinyoun from San Francisco with the promise that the state would secretly cooperate with the Marine Hospital Service in stamping out the plague outbreak.[12]

Secrete cooperations included preventive measures such as inspection, isolation and disinfection. Gage and Mayor Phelan provided funding to inspect and disinfect Chinatown of any signs of the plague. To the public, however, this was marketed as a cleanup campaign that was renovating and getting rid of the town's filth. Despite the secret agreement allowing for Kinyoun's removal, Gage went back on his promise of assisting federal authorities and continued to obstruct their efforts for study and quarantine. Before the cleanup could begin, the city's auditor refused to sign off on the promised funding resulting in a cancellation of the campaign. . A report issued by the State Board of Health on September 16, 1901, bolstered Gage's claims, denying the plague's outbreak.[13]

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Possible sources to look at:

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1900-06-14/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1836&index=9&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=bubonic+Chinese+PLAGUE+plague&proxdistance=5&date2=1910&ortext=chinese+&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=bubonic+plague&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

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https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/joseph-kinyoun-indispensable-man-plague-san-francisco

Kalisch, Philip A. (Summer 1972). "The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900–1904". Arizona and the West. Journal of the Southwest. 14 (2): 113–136. JSTOR 40168068.

Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. ISBN 0814722326.

Risse, Guenter B. (2012). "Bubonic Plague Visits San Francisco's Chinatown". Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown. JHU Press. ISBN 1421405105.

Keith Haring
I plan to add a section about the Haring Foundation. I noticed that it is hardly mentioned on his Wiki page so I figured I could add some more info regarding what the Foundation does.

The only source I’ve been able to find is the Foundation’s website. Haring Foundation. http://www.haring.com/kh_foundation/