User:Jakh8640/Myxococcus xanthus

Article body
Zhang, H., Vaksman, Z., Litwin, D. B., Shi, P., Kaplan, H. B., & Igoshin, O. A. (2012, September 27). The mechanistic basis of Myxococcus xanthus rippling behavior and its physiological role during predation. PLOS Computational Biology. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002715

M. xanthus is the preeminent model system for bacterial social development. At high density and under nutrient stress M. xanthus cells execute a complex multicellular developmental program by aggregating into multicellular mounds, termed fruiting bodies, and differentiating into dormant, environmentally resistant myxospores [11]. In addition, these bacteria exhibit complex behaviors when they cooperatively prey on other microorganisms by collectively spreading over the prey cells, producing antibiotics and lytic compounds that kill and decompose their prey [13], [14]. One of the most intriguing forms of collective dynamics exhibited by M. xanthus is their ability to self-organize into ripples – travelling bands of high-density wave crests [15]–[18]. Although the M. xanthus counter-traveling waves appear to pass through each another, they actually reflect off of one another and are termed “accordion waves” [16], [18]–[21]. These waves are distinct from the waves originating from Turing instability diffusion-reaction patterns, such as those in chemical systems or observed during development of the other well-studied model social microorganism, the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum[22]–[24].

M. xanthus Motility

To further discuss M. xanthus’ mobility, it was found that this bacterium is capable of organizing itself and adjusts according to its environmental conditions. One trait that is an asset for this bacterium includes its motility advances such as "rippling" that allows it to get its prey. This allows the cells of the predator to stay on longer on the prey, which supports cell movement and how the cells spread. Myxococcus Xanthus is able to grow with a variety of prey since it is able to feed on different fungi and mainly bacteria; such as plant pathogens, soil bacteria, cyanobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Through different methods, M. xanthus' cells identify the prey's cells and lyse them. The strategies used by this bacterium are categorized as molecular mechanisms that can be completed independently or co-dependently. To expand, Myxococcus xanthus presents many strategic methods for predation like using their gliding motion and completing this in clustered groups to be more efficient in killing and breaking down prey. This bacterium favours the prey being nearby to have a physical connection so that M. xanthus can lyse using lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites. One adversity this bacterium faces is that it does not have the ability to move in liquid media. However, Myxococcus xanthus within liquid media it is able to utilize amino acids through hydrolysis for growth purposes by involving glycerol in the process of causing sporulation. Motility is an important asset Myxococcus xanthus holds because it allows clusters of cells to migrate while secreting hydrolytic enzymes that are able to lyse and form soluble proteins. This bacterium, M. xanthus, undergoes rippling as previously mentioned where cells are able to move through a "gliding" motion on a solidified form which is known as a feeding strategy. This bacteria that often resides in soil turns into a fruiting body which consists of it's complex biofilm structure to support it's prey-catching mechanisms. At this point, the mechanisms and evolutionary development of M. xanthus is still ongoing in research but the traits such as this bacterium's motility is known to be helpful. Some research has found there is a possible correlation with M. xanthus having a spore coat assembly system and it's the complex for motility. This possible development may link to the gliding motion and the envelope of this bacteria. One unique trait about this bacterium is that it is able to glide but does not contain flagella, which is often associated with motility.

Word Count (1st edit): 411

Lead
Myxococcus xanthus is known to be a social bacterium that strategizes catching its prey through group mobility [11]. This bacterium favours working together in a group because it is their feeding strategy [11]. This behaviour is beneficial for the bacteria because the group is able to obtain hydrolytic enzymes and additional secondary metabolites to help with the degradation process [11].

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* Below is the section of the article that I am editing as well as the lead that I added above therefore I did not make any changes here; my edits are made in the next sub-heading (for ex. I italicized the bacteria's name) I believe some of the edits made by the editor were accidentally referring to the article section below however this is the article paragraph (paragraph directly below) that I am editing and wanted to clarify not the one that I wrote - I noticed this from the "organization" section of the peer-review edit.

Zhang, H., Vaksman, Z., Litwin, D. B., Shi, P., Kaplan, H. B., & Igoshin, O. A. (2012, September 27). The mechanistic basis of Myxococcus xanthus rippling behavior and its physiological role during predation. PLOS Computational Biology. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002715

M. xanthus is the preeminent model system for bacterial social development. At high density and under nutrient stress M. xanthus cells execute a complex multicellular developmental program by aggregating into multicellular mounds, termed fruiting bodies, and differentiating into dormant, environmentally resistant myxospores [11]. In addition, these bacteria exhibit complex behaviors when they cooperatively prey on other microorganisms by collectively spreading over the prey cells, producing antibiotics and lytic compounds that kill and decompose their prey [13], [14]. One of the most intriguing forms of collective dynamics exhibited by M. xanthus is their ability to self-organize into ripples – travelling bands of high-density wave crests [15]–[18]. Although the M. xanthus counter-traveling waves appear to pass through each another, they actually reflect off of one another and are termed “accordion waves” [16], [18]–[21]. These waves are distinct from the waves originating from Turing instability diffusion-reaction patterns, such as those in chemical systems or observed during development of the other well-studied model social microorganism, the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum[22]–[24].

M. xanthus Motility (*My Edit #2 Below)

To further discuss M. xanthus’ mobility, it was discovered that this bacterium is capable of organizing itself and adjusts according to its environmental conditions. This bacterium benefits from is its motility strategies, such as "rippling" that allows it to get its prey. This allows the cells of the predator to remain longer on the prey, which supports cell movement and how the cells spread. Myxococcus Xanthus is able to grow with a variety of prey since it is able to feed on different fungi and mainly bacteria; such as plant pathogens, soil bacteria, cyanobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Through different methods, M. xanthus ' cells identify the prey's cells and lyse them. The strategies used by this bacterium are categorized as molecular mechanisms that can be completed independently or co-dependently. To expand, Myxococcus xanthus presents many strategic methods for predation like using their gliding motion and completing this in clustered groups to be more efficient in killing and breaking down prey. This bacterium favours the prey being nearby to have a physical connection so that M. xanthus can lyse using lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites. One disadvantage this bacterium faces is that it does not have the ability to move in liquid media. However, Myxococcus xanthus within liquid media it is able to utilize amino acids through hydrolysis for growth purposes by involving glycerol in the process of causing sporulation. Motility is an important asset Myxococcus xanthus holds because it allows clusters of cells to migrate while secreting hydrolytic enzymes that are able to lyse and form soluble proteins. This bacterium, M. xanthus, goes through rippling as previously mentioned where cells are able to move through a "gliding" motion on a solid form which is known as a feeding strategy. This bacteria that often resides in soil turns into a fruiting body which consists of it's complex biofilm structure to support it's prey-catching mechanisms. At this point, the mechanisms and evolutionary development of M. xanthus is still ongoing in research but the traits such as this bacterium's motility is known to be helpful. Some research has found there is a possible correlation with M. xanthus having a spore coat assembly system and it's the complex for motility. This possible development may link to the gliding motion and the envelope of this bacteria. One unique trait about this bacterium is that it is able to glide but does not contain flagella, which is often associated with motility.