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Dr. Block's notes to James:


 * Work on the sentences that explain more about Marina before her life with Cortes (her noble upbringing, sale into slavery, etc.)
 * delete sections you're not working on (in the sandbox)
 * play around more with citing tools

= La Malinche = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the volcano in Tlaxcala, see Malinche (volcano). <<<<<< Dona Marina, also known as La Malinche or Malintzin, was a native woman who worked as a translator, advisor, and guide for Hernan Cortes during his conquest of Mexico and the Aztec empire. She was a Nahua woman who was sold by the Mayans to Cortes. It isn’t known exactly when she was born, but she was given to Cortes in 1519. Dona Marina or Malinche, later married Cortes and had a son named Martin. For a long time, historians were not sure what Malinche’s role with Cortes was, and in the first accounts of her, she was only referred to as a translator. Later, it was determined that Malinche’s role was much more important. Many historians argue that Malinche played a much more important and influential role, that of one as a strategist, diplomat, and translator.

While we don’t have any direct sources from her, we have several second-hand accounts that help to show who she was. Dona Marina, unlike many other historical women, has been a fascinating figure for historians to study. “She has appeared in chronicles and histories since the conquest of New Spain and their authors have debated about her role and her identity” (Godayol, 62). She has been called a traitor by many for aiding the Spanish, but some historians argue that she would not have seen it that way, because she was no ally of the Aztecs, and she was smart enough to become a very important part of Cortes’s expedition into America and Spanish history. However, many have used her name as a way to describe someone who is disloyal to their people or culture. ======= The term malinchista refers to a disloyal compatriot, especially in Mexico.

Contents

 * 1Name
 * 2Life
 * 2.1Background
 * 2.2The conquest of Mexico
 * 2.3Role in the conquest of Mexico
 * 3Image in contemporary Mexico
 * 4In popular culture
 * 5See also
 * 6Notes
 * 7References
 * 7.1Citations
 * 7.2Bibliography
 * 8Further reading
 * 9External links

Name[edit]
Malinche is known by many names. She was baptized as a Catholic by the Spaniards and then named "Marina", and was referred to as such by the Spaniards, often preceded with honorific doña. The Nahua called her 'Malintzin', derived from 'Malina' (a Nahuatl rendering of her Spanish name) and the honorific suffix -tzin.

(According to historian Camilla Townsend, the vocative suffix -e is sometimes added at the end of the name, giving the form Malintzine, which would be shortened to 'Malintze', and heard by the Spaniards as 'Malinche'. Another possibility is that the Spaniards simply did not hear the 'whispered' -n of the name Malintzin.)

Her name at birth is unknown. Since at least the 19th century, she is believed to have originally been named 'Malinalli' (Nahuatl for 'grass'), after the day sign on which she was supposedly born. Accordingly, Marina was chosen as her Christian name because of its phonetic similarity.

Modern historians have rejected such mythic suggestions. They note that the Nahua associate the day sign 'Malinalli' with bad or 'evil' connotations, and they are known to avoid using such day signs as personal names. Moreover, there would be little reason for the Spaniards to ask the natives what their personal names were before they were christened with new Catholic saints' names.

The title 'Tenepal' was often assumed to be part of her name. In the annotation made by Nahua historian Chimalpahin on his copy of Gómara's biography of Cortés, 'Malintzin Tenepal' is used repeatedly in reference to Malinche. According to linguist and historian Frances Karttunen, Tenepal is probably derived from the Nahuatl root tene, which means “lip-possessor, one who speaks vigorously”, or “one who has a facility with words”, and postposition -pal, which means “by means of”. Historian James Lockhart, however, suggests that 'Tenepal' might be derived from tenenepil or "somebody's tongue". In any case, 'Malintzin Tenepal' appears to have been intended as a calque of Spanish doña Marina la lengua, with la lengua ("the interpreter", literally "the tongue") being her Spanish sobriquet.

Background[edit]
Codex Azcatitlan, Hernán Cortés and Malinche (far right), early 16th-century indigenous pictorial manuscript of the conquest of Mexico

Malinche's birthdate is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1500, and likely no later than 1505. She was born in an altepetl that was either a part or a tributary of a Mesoamerican state whose center was located on the bank of the Coatzacoalcos River to the east of the Aztec Empire. Records disagree about the exact name of the altepetl where she was born. In three unrelated legal proceedings that occurred not long after her death, various witnesses who claimed to have known her personally, including her daughter, said that she was born in Olutla. The probanza of her grandson also mentioned Olutla as her birthplace. Her daughter added that the altepetl of Olutla was related to Tetiquipaque, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In the Florentine Codex, Malinche's homeland is mentioned as "Teticpac", which is most likely the singular form of Tetiquipaque. Gómara writes that she came from "Uiluta" (presumably a variant of Olutla). He departs from other sources by writing that it was in the region of Jalisco. Díaz, on the other hand, gives "Painalla" as her birthplace.

Her family is reported to have been of noble background; Gómara writes that her father was related to a local ruler, while Díaz recounts that her parents were rulers. Townsend notes that while Olutla at the time probably had a Popoluca majority, the ruling elite, which Malinche supposedly belonged to, would have been Nahuatl-speaking. Another hint that supports her noble origin is her apparent ability to understand the courtly language of tecpillahtolli (“lordly speech”), a Nahuatl register that is significantly different from the commoner's speech and has to be learned. The fact that she was often referred to as a doña, at the time a term not commonly used in Spain, indicates that she was viewed as a noblewoman. But she may have been given this honorific by the Spanish because of recognition of her important role in the conquest.

She was probably between the ages of 8 and 12, when Malinche was either sold or kidnapped into slavery. Díaz wrote that after her father's death, she was given away to merchants by her mother and stepfather so that their son (Malinche's stepbrother) would have the rights of heir. Scholars, historians and literary critics alike, have cast doubt upon Díaz's account of her origin, in large part due to his strong emphasis on Catholicism throughout his narration of the events.

In particular, historian Sonia Rose de Fuggle analyzes Díaz's over-reliance on polysyndeton (which mimics the sentence structure of a number of Biblical stories) as well as his overarching portrayal of Malinche as an ideal Christian woman. But Townsend believes that it was likely that some of her people were complicit in trafficking her, regardless of the reason. Malinche was taken to Xicalango, a major port city in the region. She was later purchased by a group of Chontal Maya who brought her to the town of Potonchán. It was here that Malinche started to learn the Chontal Maya language, and perhaps also Yucatec Maya. Her acquisition of the language later enabled her to communicate with Jerónimo de Aguilar, another interpreter for Cortes who also spoke Yucatec Maya, as well as his native Spanish.

In popular culture
[ADD MORE SENTENCES HERE]

La Malinche, as part of the Monumento al Mestizaje in Mexico City 


 * A reference to La Malinche as Marina is made in the novel The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by the Polish author Jan Potocki, in which she is cursed for yielding her "heart and her country to the hateful Cortez, chief of the sea-brigands."
 * La Malinche appears in the adventure novel Montezuma's Daughter (1893) by H. Rider Haggard.
 * Doña Marina appears in the Henry King film adventure Captain from Castile (1947) played Estela Inda.
 * La Malinche is portrayed as a Christian and protector of her fellow native Mexicans in the novel Tlaloc Weeps for Mexico (1939) by László Passuth, and is the main protagonist in such works as the novels The Golden Princess (1954) by Alexander Baron and Feathered Serpent: A Novel of the Mexican Conquest (2002) by Colin Falconer. In contrast, she is portrayed as a duplicitous traitor in Gary Jennings' novel Aztec (1980). A novel published in 2006 by Laura Esquivel portrays the main character as a pawn of history who becomes Malinche.
 * In 1949, choreographer José Limón premiered the dance trio "La Milanche" to music by Norman Lloyd. It was the first work created by Limón for his own company, and was based on his memories as a child of Mexican fiestas.
 * The story of La Malinche is told in Cortez and Marina (1963) by Edison Marshall.
 * In the 1973 Mexican film Leyendas macabras de la colonia, La Malinche's mummy is in the possession of Luisa, her daughter by Hernán Cortés, while her spirit inhabits a cursed painting.
 * La Malinche is referred to in the songs "Cortez the Killer" from the 1975 album Zuma by Neil Young, and "La Malinche" by the French band Feu! Chatterton from their 2015 album Ici le jour (a tout enseveli)
 * In the animated television series The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1982), which chronicles the adventures of a Spanish boy and his companions traveling throughout South America in 1532 to seek the lost city of El Dorado, a woman called Marinche becomes a dangerous adversary. The series was originally produced in Japan, and then translated into English.
 * In the fictional Star Trek universe, a starship, the USS Malinche, was named for La Malinche, and appeared in the 1997 "For the Uniform" episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. This was done by Hans Beimler, a native of Mexico City, who together with friend Robert Hewitt Wolfe later wrote a screenplay based on La Malinche called The Serpent and the Eagle.
 * La Malinche is a key character in the opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.
 * Malinalli is the main character in a 2011 historical novel by Helen Heightsman Gordon, Malinalli of the Fifth Sun: The Slave Girl Who Changed the Fate of Mexico and Spain.
 * Author Octavio Paz traces the root of mestizo and Mexican culture to La Malinche's child with Cortés in The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950). He uses her relation to Cortés symbolically to represent Mexican culture as originating from rape and violation, but also holds Malinche accountable for her "betrayal" of the indigenous population, which Paz claims "the Mexican people have not forgiven."
 * Malinal is a character in Graham Hancock's series of novels War God: Nights of the Witch (2013) and War God: Return of the Plumed Serpent (2014), which is a fictional story describing the events related to the Hernan Cortés' expedition to Mexico and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire.
 * Malinche is a character in Edward Rickford's The Serpent and the Eagle, referred to variously as Dona Marina and Malintze. The depiction of her character was praised by historical novelists and bloggers.
 * La Malinche appears in the Amazon Prime series Hernán. She is portrayed by Ishbel Bautista.
 * Malintzin: The Story of an Enigma. Documentary of 2019 based on the life of La Malinche.

See also[edit]

 * Mexico portal
 * Biography portal


 * Felipillo
 * History of Mexico
 * Pocahontas – a Powhatan woman notable for her interaction as an interpreter for the English colonists of Jamestown, Virginia.
 * Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
 * Women in Mexico

Notes[edit]

 * 1) ^ The vocative form is used when addressing someone, so "Malintzine" and "Malintze" are more or less equivalent to "O Marina". Although the shortened form “Malintze” is unusual, it appears repeatedly in the Annals of Tlatelolco, alongside “Malintzine”.
 * 2) ^ Also Malinal, Ce-Malinalli, and so forth.
 * 3) ^ Karttunen (1994) gives " ca. 1500" for her birth year, while Townsend (2006) writes that she was born before Charles V (who was born in February 1500) turned five.
 * 4) ^ Malinche's homeland never became part of the Aztec Empire. Around the time of the conquest, the region probably consisted of “small, loosely allied city-states” with some degree of influences from the Aztec and various Maya states, but most are relatively autonomous and paid tribute to no one.
 * 5) ^ Chontal is closely related to Yucatecan, but they are sufficiently distinct to hamper intelligibility. Around this time, traders from the Yucatán Peninsula (who spoke Yucatecan) often were active in this region, and Malinche may have learned the language from them. Alternatively, she may have done some adjustment to be able to converse with speakers of other Maya varieties. (This would have been unusual.)
 * 6) ^ Díaz explained this phenomenon by positing that “Malinche” in reference to Cortés was a shorthand for "Marina's Captain", because she was always in his company. But Townsend said that possessive construction in Nahuatl cannot be shortened that way. Moreover, Díaz's theory does not explain the fact that "Malinche" was also applied to Juan Perez de Arteaga, another Spaniard learning Nahuatl from her.

Citations[edit]

 * 1) ^
 * 2) ^ Thomas (1993), p. 171–172.
 * 3) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 7.
 * 4) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 12-13.
 * 5) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 2.
 * 6) ^ Jump up to:a b Herrera-Sobek (2005), pp. 112–113.
 * 7) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Townsend (2006), p. 12.
 * 8) ^ Karttunen (1997), p. 292.
 * 9) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 27.
 * 10) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 42, 180–182, 242.
 * 11) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 55.
 * 12) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 242.
 * 13) ^ Jump up to:a b c d Karttunen (2001), p. 353.
 * 14) ^ Jump up to:a b c Karttunen (2001), p. 352.
 * 15) ^ Jump up to:a b Restall (2018), p. xiii.
 * 16) ^ Jump up to:a b c d Karttunen (1997), p. 302.
 * 17) ^ Jump up to:a b c Cypess (1991), p. 33.
 * 18) ^ Jump up to:a b c Valdeón (2013), pp. 163–164.
 * 19) ^ Jump up to:a b Downs (2008), p. 398.
 * 20) ^ Cypess (1991), pp. 60–61.
 * 21) ^ Evans (2004), p. 191.
 * 22) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 6.
 * 23) ^ Schroeder et al. (2010), pp. 23, 105.
 * 24) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 181.
 * 25) ^ Jump up to:a b Schroeder et al. (2010), p. 32.
 * 26) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 4.
 * 27) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 11.
 * 28) ^ Jump up to:a b Karttunen (1994), p. 1.
 * 29) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 13–14.
 * 30) ^ Jump up to:a b Evans (2004), p. 522.
 * 31) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 14.
 * 32) ^ Jump up to:a b Chapman (1957), pp. 116–117.
 * 33) ^ Jump up to:a b c Townsend (2006), pp. 230–232.
 * 34) ^ Jump up to:a b Karttunen (1997), pp. 299–301.
 * 35) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 13.
 * 36) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 231.
 * 37) ^ Jump up to:a b c Karttunen (1997), p. 299.
 * 38) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 17, 233.
 * 39) ^ Jump up to:a b Karttunen (1994), p. 5.
 * 40) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 16.
 * 41) ^ Jump up to:a b Karttunen (1997), pp. 300–301.
 * 42) ^ Jump up to:a b c d Restall (2003), pp. 97–98.
 * 43) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 22.
 * 44) ^ Jump up to:a b c Restall (2003), p. 82.
 * 45) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), pp. 23–24.
 * 46) ^ Karttunen (1997), pp. 299–300.
 * 47) ^ Franco (1999), pp. 76–78.
 * 48) ^
 * 49) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 24–25.
 * 50) ^ Chapman (1957), pp. 135–136.
 * 51) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 25–26.
 * 52) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 26.
 * 53) ^ Karttunen (1997), p. 300.
 * 54) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Restall (2003), p. 83.
 * 55) ^ Lockhart (1993), p. 87.
 * 56) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 61–63.
 * 57) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 35–36.
 * 58) ^ Karttunen (1997), pp. 301–302.
 * 59) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 36.
 * 60) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 37.
 * 61) ^ Karttunen (1997), p. 301.
 * 62) ^ Jump up to:a b c Townsend (2006), pp. 40–41.
 * 63) ^ Hassig (2006), p. 65.
 * 64) ^ Townsend (2019), pp. 93.
 * 65) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 53.
 * 66) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 7.
 * 67) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 42.
 * 68) ^ Hassig (2006), p. 67.
 * 69) ^ Jump up to:a b c d Karttunen (1994), pp. 8–9.
 * 70) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), pp. 56, 242.
 * 71) ^ Karttunen (1997), pp. 293–294.
 * 72) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 22.
 * 73) ^ Restall (2003), pp. 84–85.
 * 74) ^ Jump up to:a b Hassig (2006), p. 68.
 * 75) ^ Jump up to:a b Karttunen (1997), p. 303.
 * 76) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), p. 43.
 * 77) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 69–70.
 * 78) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 45.
 * 79) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 70–74, 77.
 * 80) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 59.
 * 81) ^ Hassig (2006), p. 79.
 * 82) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 62–63.
 * 83) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 86–89.
 * 84) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 69–72.
 * 85) ^ Hassig (2006), p. 93.
 * 86) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 43, 94–96.
 * 87) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 94–96.
 * 88) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 10.
 * 89) ^ Jump up to:a b c Hassig (2006), pp. 97–98.
 * 90) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), pp. 81–82.
 * 91) ^ Hassig (2006), pp. 43, 96.
 * 92) ^ Jump up to:a b Restall (2018), p. 210.
 * 93) ^ Hassig (2006), p. 96.
 * 94) ^ Restall (2003), p. 77.
 * 95) ^ Jump up to:a b c Townsend (2006), pp. 86–88.
 * 96) ^ Townsend (2019), pp. 99, 243.
 * 97) ^ Karttunen (1994), p. 11.
 * 98) ^ Gordon, Helen. Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and Hernan Cortés. Chicago: University Editions, 1995, page 454.
 * 99) ^ Chaison, Joanne. "Mysterious Malinche: A Case of Mistaken Identity," The Americas 32, N. 4 (1976).
 * 100) ^ Townsend (2006), p. 263.
 * 101) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 168–187.
 * 102) ^
 * 103) ^
 * 104) ^ Jump up to:a b Townsend (2006), pp. 74–76.
 * 105) ^ Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
 * 106) ^
 * 107) ^
 * 108) ^
 * 109) ^ Townsend (2006), pp. 58.
 * 110) ^ Cypess (1991), p. Intro..
 * 111) ^ Salas[page needed]
 * 112) ^
 * 113) ^
 * 114) ^
 * 115) ^ Fortes De Leff, J. (2002). Racism in Mexico: Cultural Roots and Clinical Interventions1. Family Process, 41(4), 619-623.
 * 116) ^ Cypess (1991), p. 12.
 * 117) ^ It is time to stop vilifying the "Spanish father of Mexico", accessed 10 June 2019
 * 118) ^
 * 119) ^ "Repertory" Limón
 * 120) ^ Missing or empty   (help)

External links[edit]

 * "Cortés girlfriend is not forgiven". The New York Times. accessed 10 June 2019
 * Hernando Cortés on the Web : Malinche / Doña Marina (resources)
 * in defense of Malinche
 * Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 1)
 * Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 2)
 * La Malinche, an ambivalent interpreter from the past
 * Leyenda y nacionalismo: alegorías de la derrota en La Malinche y Florinda "La Cava", Spanish-language article by Juan F. Maura comparing La Cava and Mexican Malinche.

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