User:JamesPoulson/Philosophy

= Philosophy =
 * Outline of academic disciplines


 * List of schools of philosophy
 * Outline of philosophy


 * Index of philosophy


 * List of unsolved problems in philosophy


 * Philosophical movement
 * Age of Enlightenment


 * Freethought


 * School of thought

Books

 * I and Thou

Notions

 * Agency (philosophy)
 * Moral agency
 * Apollonian and Dionysian
 * Action theory (philosophy)
 * Identity (philosophy)
 * Intelligibility (philosophy)


 * Common good


 * Determinism
 * Dualism
 * Indeterminacy (philosophy)
 * Materialism
 * French materialism
 * Monism
 * Objectivity (philosophy)
 * Pluralism (philosophy)
 * Philosophical methodology
 * Self-reference

Resources
 * Before philosophy : the intellectual adventure of ancient man : an essay on speculative thought in the ancient Near East
 * GRAPHING THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
 * Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.
 * PHILOSOPHY MAPS
 * PHILOSOPHY SCHOOLS
 * Philosophy Stackexchange
 * Philosophybasics.com
 * Philosophy Map
 * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 * What is the difference between a philosophy and an ideology?

To reflect upon
 * Fundamentalism

Professors
 * Massimo Pigliucci

Contemporary philosophy

 * Proposition

Epistemology
About the nature and grounds of knowledge [and]...its limits and validity

Portal:Epistemology

Outline of epistemology
 * What is knowledge?
 * How is knowledge acquired?
 * What do people know?


 * Coherentism
 * Coherence theory of truth
 * Theory of justification
 * Foundationalism
 * Argumentation theory

Notions
 * Münchhausen trilemma
 * Relevance
 * Self-evidence

Influences
 * James Frederick Ferrier

Resources
 * What is the difference between knowledge and belief?

Branches
 * Alethiology - The study of the nature of truth
 * Formal epistemology
 * Formal methods
 * Meta-epistemology
 * Social epistemology

Empiricism
 * Empirical evidence
 * British Empiricism
 * John Locke
 * An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
 * Tabula rasa
 * Theory of mind

Rationalism

Philosophical skepticism
 * Agrippa the Skeptic
 * David Hume - Empiricist
 * An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
 * Pseudoskepticism
 * Pyrrho
 * Aenesidemus
 * Pyrrhonism
 * Sextus Empiricus
 * The ten modes of Pyrrhonism
 * Trope (philosophy)

Academic skepticism

Cartesian skepticism

Radical skepticism

Metaphysics
Concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being

Notions
 * Universal (metaphysics)
 * Problem of universals

Resources
 * Metaphysics For Life

Ontology

 * Existence
 * Entity
 * Identity of indiscernibles
 * Physicalism

=Ethics= Right vs. wrong


 * Outline of ethics


 * Ideal (ethics)
 * Intrinsic value (ethics)


 * Institute for Global Ethics

Applied ethics
How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?


 * Deontological ethics
 * Utilitarianism
 * Enlightened self-interest
 * Unenlightened self-interest
 * Virtue ethics

Descriptive ethics
What do people think is right?

Ethics of technology

 * Ethics of artificial intelligence
 * Machine ethics
 * Roboethics

Normative ethics

 * Altruism (ethics)
 * Consequentialism
 * Utilitarianism
 * Virtue ethics
 * Aristotelian ethics
 * Eudemian Ethics
 * Nicomachean Ethics
 * Magna Moralia

Meta-ethics
What does "right" even mean?

Other

 * Ethical code

Individualism

 * Individualism

Influences

 * Henry David Thoreau

Notions

 * Self-interest


 * Anti-individualism
 * Egoism
 * Ethical egoism
 * Rational egoism
 * Ayn Rand
 * The Virtue of Selfishness
 * Methodological individualism

Humanism

 * Humanism
 * American Humanist Association

Stoicism

 * Stoicism

Philosophical logic

 * Study of argument, Meaning (philosophy of language) and truth (Sybil Wolfram)
 * Identity (philosophy), existence, predication, necessity and truth are the main topics of the subject. (Colin McGinn)


 * Journal of Philosophical Logic

Philosophy of logic
Area of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic. It is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic. The field is considered to be distinct from philosophical logic.

Resources
 * Is illogical = not logical?
 * What would be the relation between logic and philosophy?
 * What distinction is there between logic, philosophy of logic and philosophical logic?

Logic
Logic is the use and study of valid reasoning.


 * Logic and rationality
 * Critical thinking
 * Trivium


 * What can I research in terms of philosophy that is relevant to logic and programming?

Notions

 * Argument AKA Logical argument
 * argument
 * A series of propositions organized so that the final proposition is a conclusion which is intended to follow logically from the preceding propositions, which function as premises.
 * Invalid argument
 * Non sequitur (logic)
 * Abductive reasoning
 * Deductive reasoning
 * Syllogism
 * Inductive reasoning
 * Enumerative induction


 * Contrary (logic)
 * False (logic)


 * Law of excluded middle


 * Logical connective
 * Material conditional
 * Negation


 * Logical consequence


 * Mutual exclusivity


 * Quantifier (logic)


 * Truth function
 * Logical conjunction AND
 * Logical disjunction OR


 * Object language

Mathematical logic
Divisions
 * Set theory
 * Model theory
 * Recursion theory
 * Proof theory and Constructive mathematics

Branches
 * Propositional calculus AKA Propositional logic
 * De Morgan's laws
 * Many-valued logic
 * Fuzzy logic

Notions

 * Löb's theorem
 * Predicate (mathematical logic)
 * Propositional function


 * Closed-world assumption
 * Open-world assumption


 * Premise
 * Soundness
 * Validity
 * Axiom
 * Truth value
 * Truth Value of Sentences Containing Logical Contradictions


 * Liar paradox
 * First-order logic


 * Logical form
 * Proposition
 * statement
 * Truth-bearer


 * Tautology (logic)

Fallacy

 * List of fallacies
 * Logically Fallacious
 * Argumentum ad populum
 * What kind of fallacy is insulting an argument but not refuting it?

Formal fallacy

 * Affirming the consequent
 * Homunculus Fallacy
 * Logical Fallacies

Red herring fallacies

 * Ad hominem
 * Poisoning the well
 * Argument from authority
 * Appeal To Authority Breakdown
 * Appeal to accomplishment
 * Argumentum ad lapidem
 * Appeal to emotion
 * Appeal to ridicule
 * Appeal to tradition
 * Association fallacy
 * Genetic fallacy
 * Pooh-pooh
 * Straw man
 * Texas sharpshooter fallacy
 * Tu quoque (Appeal to hypocrisy)
 * Two wrongs make a right
 * Vacuous truth
 * Circular reasoning
 * Confusion of the inverse
 * Questionable cause
 * Circular cause and consequence
 * Correlation does not imply causation
 * Fallacy of the single cause
 * Post hoc ergo propter hoc ("Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.")
 * Third-cause fallacy
 * Wrong direction
 * Regression fallacy
 * Jumping to conclusions

Informal fallacy

 * Anecdotal evidence
 * Appeal to motive
 * Argument from ignorance
 * Argument from silence
 * Begging the question
 * Double-barreled question
 * False dilemma - Opposite of Argument to moderation
 * black-or-white
 * Fallacy of composition
 * Ignoratio elenchi AKA Fallacy of irrelevance AKA Red herring
 * Fallacy: Red Herring
 * Logical Fallacy: Red Herring
 * Chewbacca defense
 * Genetic fallacy
 * Ad hominem
 * Naturalistic fallacy
 * Naturalistic fallacy
 * Is–ought problem
 * Proof by assertion
 * Regression fallacy

Faulty generalization

 * Hasty generalization
 * Inductive fallacy

Logicians

 * Arthur Prior
 * Alfred Tarski
 * Tarski's undefinability theorem
 * Charles Sanders Peirce
 * Gottlob Frege
 * Richard Whately
 * Robert S. Hartman
 * Saul Kripke
 * Willard Van Orman Quine

Classical logic

 * Contradiction
 * Law of noncontradiction
 * Principle of bivalence

Non-classical logic

 * Three-valued logic

Predicate logic

 * First-order logic
 * Second-order logic
 * Many-sorted logic
 * Infinitary logic

Logicism

 * Kurt Gödel
 * Gödel's incompleteness theorems (Mathematical logic)

Logical Positivism

 * Hans Reichenbach
 * Verificationism

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

 * Chinese room

Philosophy of language

 * Meaning (philosophy of language)
 * Natural language
 * Semantic theory of truth

Philosophy of mind

 * Computational theory of mind
 * Computationnalisme
 * Language of thought hypothesis
 * Mind–body problem

Philosophy of religion

 * George Santayana

Ancient philosophy
AKA Classic philosophy

Notions
 * Axiom
 * Self-evidence

Ancient Greek philosophy
 * Classical Greek philosophy

Pre-Socratic philosophy

 * Milesian school
 * Hylozoism - Term introduced to English by Ralph Cudworth in 1678.

Aristotle

 * Three basic activities of man.
 * Theoria
 * Poiesis
 * Praxis (process)
 * Ethics
 * Economics
 * Politics


 * Aristotelian ethics
 * Eudaimonia
 * Aristotle's Ethics


 * Genus-differentia definition


 * Organon (Works on logic)
 * Categories (Aristotle)
 * Ignoratio elenchi
 * Posterior Analytics
 * Topics (Aristotle)


 * Politics (Aristotle)
 * Rhetoric (Aristotle)
 * Categories
 * Arete (moral virtue)
 * Eunoia
 * Phronesis


 * Aristotelianism
 * Aristotelean logic AKA Term logic
 * Syllogism


 * Commentaries on Aristotle


 * Corpus Aristotelicum
 * Apodicticity
 * De Interpretatione - Second text from from Aristotle's Organon
 * Problem of future contingents
 * Prior Analytics - Work on Deductive reasoning
 * Syllogism


 * Metaphysics (Aristotle)


 * Nicomachean Ethics
 * Aristotle on Happiness
 * Nicomachean Ethics
 * NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
 * Philosophy Core Concepts: Aristotle, What is Happiness? (Nichomachean Ethics bk. 1)


 * A proposition is a sentence which affirms or denies a Predicate (logic) of a Subject (grammar).
 * Enthymeme


 * Square of opposition

Resources
 * Aristotle and Happiness
 * Aristotle on Democracy
 * POLITICS

Plato

 * Dialogues
 * Gorgias (dialogue)
 * Laws (dialogue)
 * Sophist (dialogue)
 * Platonic idealism
 * Platonic realism
 * Plato's Republic
 * Allegory of the Cave
 * Cultural influence of Plato's Republic
 * Philosopher king
 * Political philosophy
 * Theory of Forms
 * Platonism
 * Neoplatonism

Concepts


 * Nous

Diogenes of Sinope

 * Diogenes of Sinope

Socrates

 * Antisthenes
 * Cynicism (philosophy)
 * Aristippus
 * Hedonism
 * I know that I know nothing

Other

 * Eclecticism
 * Effective altruism
 * Idealism
 * Practical idealism
 * Modernism
 * Villy Sørensen
 * Objectivity (philosophy)
 * Objectivism
 * Pragmatism
 * Realism
 * Philosophical realism
 * Anti-realism (Analytic philosophy)

Age of Enlightenment

 * Immanuel Kant
 * Rationalism

19th-century philosophy

 * Herbert Spencer
 * Great Man theory (counter-argument) "In 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes."
 * Survival of the fittest

Analytic philosophy

 * Logical positivism
 * Neopragmatism
 * Ordinary language philosophy

Continental philosophy

 * Existentialism
 * Fyodor Dostoyevsky
 * Friedrich Nietzsche
 * Übermensch
 * Eternal return
 * God is dead
 * Master–slave morality
 * Nietzschean affirmation
 * Apollonian and Dionysian
 * Jean-Paul Sartre
 * Søren Kierkegaard
 * Martin Buber
 * I and Thou
 * Western Marxism
 * Phenomenology
 * Edmund Husserl
 * Poststructuralism
 * Structuralism

American philosophy

 * Hilary Putnam
 * John Searle
 * Chinese room

Transcendentalism

 * Theodore Parker

British philosophy

 * Bertrand Russell

English philosophy

 * Cambridge Platonists
 * Henry Sidgwick (Utilitarianism)
 * The Methods of Ethics
 * Ralph Cudworth
 * William Kingdon Clifford

French philosophers

 * Albert Camus
 * Baron d'Holbach
 * The System of Nature
 * Cornelius Castoriadis
 * Jean-Paul Sartre
 * Michel Onfray
 * Voltaire
 * Freedom of religion
 * Freedom of speech
 * Separation of church and state
 * Cornelius Castoriadis

Italian philosophy

 * Giambattista Vico (Political philosophy)

Arthur Schopenhauer

 * "Talent hits a target no one else can hit; Genius hits a target no one else can see."
 * Philosophical pessimism

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

 * Hegelianism
 * Young Hegelians
 * August Cieszkowski
 * Right Hegelians

Immanuel Kant

 * Kantianism
 * Critique of the Kantian philosophy - Arthur Schopenhauer
 * Ding an sich
 * Critique of Judgment
 * Critique of Pure Reason
 * A priori and a posteriori
 * Critique of Practical Reason
 * Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
 * Perpetual peace
 * democracy
 * International cooperation
 * Transcendental idealism
 * Ought implies can

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

 * Consciousness
 * Self-awareness
 * Self-consciousness
 * Subjectivity
 * Thesis, antithesis, synthesis

Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel

 * Coined the term Historicism

Max Stirner

 * The Ego and Its Own

German idealism

 * Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 * Continental philosophy
 * The Phenomenology of Spirit
 * Geist
 * Universal class

Polish philosophy

 * Leszek Kołakowski

Russian philosophy

 * Nikolay Chernyshevsky

Philosophy of economics

 * Georgism

Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)

 * Hypothetico-deductive model
 * Mathematical logic
 * George Boole
 * Philosophy of Mathematics: Do numbers exist, or are they inventions of the human mind?

Philosophy of science

 * Karl Popper
 * Anti-Marxism
 * Conjectures and Refutations
 * Demarcation problem
 * Falsifiability
 * Mont Pelerin Society
 * Social science
 * The Open Society and Its Enemies (Political philosophy)
 * The Poverty of Historicism (Political philosophy)
 * Popper's three worlds
 * Philosophy of Science: If Mathematical conclusions are discovered then how can somebody invent something? Read the description before answering.

Philosophical influences

 * Julius Evola

Concepts

 * Noumenon

Political philosophy
Political philosophers
 * John Rawls
 * Original position
 * A Theory of Justice

Generalities

 * Government
 * Senate
 * Centralism
 * Decentralism
 * Federalism
 * Devolution
 * Minarchism
 * Centrism
 * Extremism
 * Identity politics
 * Independent politician


 * Left–right politics
 * Left–right paradigm


 * Left-wing politics
 * Christian left
 * Far-left politics


 * Right-wing politics
 * Origins
 * hierarchy
 * clericalism
 * tradition
 * Alternative Right
 * Christian right (United States)
 * Right-wing dictatorship
 * Far-right politics
 * Identitarian movement
 * Richard B. Spencer
 * Social inequality
 * Social stratification


 * Syncretic politics
 * Third Way
 * Third Way, The Hindu Way
 * Third Position
 * List of political ideologies


 * Politics of the United Kingdom

List of political theorists

 * Roger Griffin
 * Fascism (book)

Political philosophers

 * Paul Gottfried
 * Alternative Right
 * Paleoconservative
 * Publications
 * Fascism: The Career of a Concept
 * In Search of Fascism

Outer links

 * Democracy, Authoritarian Capitalism, and China: Crash Course World History 230
 * Time to embrace our constitutional Bill of Duties
 * Nexialism