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QESdunn

Building Universes using Extreme Relativity

First published January 2012

Initial Concepts Development

Edition 3, August 2012

Published and copyrighted versions have supplemental materials

ISBN: 978-1-300-10440-7 (hardcover)

ISBN: 978-1-300-10722-4 (paperback)

Please address all inquiries at: QESdunn@aol.com

All statements made hereafter shall be made in the affirmative tense when referencing QES relationships; the assumption of “potential” is implicit until such time that experimental confirmation is provided.

In a relativistic universe, non-relativistic constituents are difficult to identify and the most easily identified are referred to in connection with "instantaneous". Therefore, the foundations of non-relativistic physics needs advanced tools to explore non-relativistic relationships deduced from differential experimentation; and one such tool for isolating relativistic angular acceleration is provided herein.

The building-blocks to construct physics is accomplished through non-relativistic causally functioned properties of entanglement and the systems of Relativity (aliasing) that evolve from entangled magnitude assertions of evolving causal connectedness.

What a mouthful ! This is more easily understood with an example.

Imagine that a rotating airplane propeller is one non-relativistic system; while a video camera is another non-relativistic system. Each system acts independently unless a causal property connects the two systems. The propeller can change speed and there is no consequence other than the propeller changing speed. The video camera can operate, but without an object to observe the independent operation of the video camera produces static outcomes; blackness.

Notice that the rotating propeller is a causally different characterization of physics different than the physics associated with the camera. Now introduce light to relate the two systems, this creates a different system of causal relationships with magnitude assertions. The intensity and distribution of light in relation to the two systems creates outcomes that would not exist if the systems remained completely separated.

A typical video camera captures frames of light distributions. Light cascades throughout the environment; the airplane propeller moderates the light while the video camera captures the light distributions caused by the spinning of the propeller. This is still ‘not’ where relativity lives.

Now the innate constraint of the typical video camera is that it can ONLY function at 30 frames per second, a Singularity of sorts, a functional constant. Literally, capturing light distributions discontinuously, but fast enough that our minds perceive the step events as fluid motion. This is the edge of where relativity exists.

If the frame rate of the video camera is different from the Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) of the propeller, then the frame will only capture a fraction of the total causal steps involved with a single rotation of the propeller (discussed in greater detail later). From frame to frame of the video camera, the propeller will have undergone more or less rotations than the number of frames captured. From the relative perspective of the video camera, the airplane propeller has much different properties than the actual propeller. Surely, you recognize one of these sets of step events as when a propeller is rotating very fast, but it appears to slowly be rotating backwards. The aliasing of the step events is the environment of relativity; not the objects themselves, and relativity may extend to an observer introduced into the systems of causal relationships.

Upon identifying the non-relativistic causal property from which extreme relativity can be built, a name was needed and “quantum causality” was the name thought to be most appropriate. But was that term already in use? As found, Quantum Causality was used by Dr. Rabounski to describe causality in regard to observable quantum systems.[17] Quantum Causality used hereafter will refer to “non-relativistic Quantum Causality”; a fundamental element.

Quantum Causality as described herein provides for an environment of Extreme Relativity. Relative to everything causally connected within that environment, virtually everything is physically possible. Using Singularities to constrain scalar relationships provides for universes with specific physics. One of an infinitely many alternate dimensions supports the Standard Model and all physics associated with our Universe.

Regardless of our Universe, QESdunn provides for the building of Universes.

Correlating QESdunn with Previously Posed Models

A Relativistic Perspective of Non-Relativity

A perspective was posed by Dr. Dmitri Rabounski and Dr. Larissa Borissova to discuss the relationships that evolve “zero-space”.[17] This tentatively appears to be a potential “point”, i.e. perspective, of crossover between QESdunn non-relativity and the observable physics of the Standard Model. The mating examination between particle physics and non-relativistic functioned causal entities referred here as Quantum Causality. Readers are encouraged to read the full content of Dr. Rabounski’s (et al) text to further relate respective relationships.[17]

http://zelmanov.ptep-online.com/books/particles2008.pdf

The following is a direct quotation of the conclusions from “Particles Here and Beyond the Mirror” cited 26 August 2012; with commented interjection identified in brackets [ ].

Correlating QES with “Particles Here and Beyond the Mirror” “Conclusions With the foregoing results [from mathematic models of relativistic physics], we can now draw the general picture of the kinds of particles, which are theoretically conceivable in the four dimensional space-time of the General Theory of Relativity.

We solved this problem with use of the mathematical apparatus of physically observable quantities (chronometric invariants). The essence of this method, developed in 1944 by Abraham Zelmanov, is simple. As known, the components of a tensor quantity are determined in a system of the orthogonal ideal (straight and uniform) axes, which are tangential to the real (curved and non-uniform) axes at the origin of the coordinates.

Real space-time can be imagined as a set of the curved and non-uniform spatial sections (three-dimensional spaces), “pierced” in each point by the non-uniform axes of time [causally instantaneous and scalar]. Projecting a four-dimensional quantity onto the line of time and onto the spatial section of an observer [evolving causal systems], we obtain quantities really registered by him. Because projection is done in the real space, the result depends on the properties of the space such as its rotation, deformation, curvature, etc. [evolving causality and its aliasing] Numerous experiments, which have been done since 1950’s, showed significant impact of the properties of space on the measured length and time. The most tremendous out of those experiments were no-landing flights around the terrestrial globe in the 1970’s (the Hafele-Keating experiment).

As we found, the mathematical method of chronometric invariants presents two cases, which could not be studied using the general covariant method:

a) “splitting” the space-time into a region, where time flows from the past into the future (our world) [forward causal systems] and a region, where time flows into the opposite direction (the mirror world) [Reversing of causal systems. Two methods: 1) flip all quantum causal elements to reverse non-relativistic outcomes, or 2) manipulate singularities to act with reverse relativistic outcomes. ];

b) a region, where the four-dimensional interval, the observable three-dimensional interval, and the interval of observable time are zeroes (zero-space) [the space described here as non-relativistic and deterministic systems of quantum causality].

Let us discuss the first case first. The method of chronometric invariants manifests that relativistic mass m is the scalar observable projection [relativistic time; which is produced by non-relativistic evolving quantum step-events] of the four-dimensional vector of the momentum of a mass-bearing particle [systems of non-relativistic quantum causality], while relativistic frequency ω is the scalar observable projection of the four-dimensional wave vector of a massless (light-like) particle [differential systems of non-relativistic quantum causality]. According to this result, mass-bearing particles with positive relativistic masses m>0 inhabit our world wherein they move from the past into the future [forward causal step-events] with respect to a regular observer [evolving causal systems of reference], realizing the direct flow of time [systems of causal step-events moderated by singularities]. Particles with negative relativistic masses m<0 inhabit the mirror world [reversed non-relativistic causal step-events] wherein they move from the future into the past, from our point of view, so we see that there time flows in the opposite direction [flipping polarity of causality so to speak].

All these events occur in the “internal” region of the light cone. Inside the “walls” of the light cone, the condition c2 dt2 = dσ2 ≠ 0 is true, i.e. the time and spatial projections of the four-dimensional coordinates are equal and non-zero, while the space-time interval is degenerate

ds 2 = c2 dt2 - dσ2 = 0. This is the habitat of massless (light-like) particles, e.g. photons. Light-like particles of our world bear positive frequencies ω >0 [forward non-relativistic systems of step-events causally relative to the observer and observer relative systems]; they move from the past into the future [evolving systems of magnitude assertions forming relativistic causality between relativistic systems]. In the mirror world [non-relativistic], light-like particles bear negative frequencies ω <0 and move from the future into the past [reversed polarity of quantum causality], from our point of view [relativistic aliasing formed from differential non-relativistic causal step-event systems of magnitude assertions].

Further, we found that the chronometrically invariant (observable) equations of motion for particles of our world [relativistic systems of evolving non-relativistic quantum causality aliasing moderated by singularities to form relativistic systems of magnitude assertions] and for those of the mirror world are asymmetric, i.e. for particles observable motion either into the past or into the future is not the same.

This fact means that the physical conditions of motion into the past or into the future differ from each other. Such an asymmetry depends on only the properties of space-time such as the gravitational inertial force, the space rotation, and the space deformation. If the physically observable time t was not different from the coordinate time t (they differ due to the gravitational potential and the rotation of space), the very statement of a problem of the space-time regions with either the direct or reverse flow of time would be impossible. Here we come to an important question. Assume four independent coordinate axes — one time axis and three spatial axes. From the geometric viewpoint both directions along the time axis are absolutely equal [ω is a resultant of systems of non-relativistic magnitude assertions forming aliasing with reference to other systems of relativity; the reversing of causal systems are inversely “symmetric” in terms of non-relativistic quantum causality so long as the entire space is inclusive]. But what asymmetry are we speaking about and isn’t it a sort of mistake? No, it isn’t a mistake. Of course, if the spatial section (three-dimensional space) is uniform and isotropic, both directions into the past and into the future are equal. But as soon as the spatial section becomes rotated or deformed (this is like a crumpled paper sheet set upon an axis and rotated around it), the space-time becomes anisotropic with respect to the line of time. [Evolution of causality has multiple potential outcomes depending upon the types of causal systems involved; systems of relativistic space-time can evolve and bent in many seemingly abstract relationships. As causal systems, space-time can potentially evolve in a known past state (one of an infinite number of outcomes), or even into alternate dimensional states.]. This anisotropy leads to different physical conditions of motion into the past and into the future [Causal step-events are deterministic systems in equilibrium].

Furthermore, looking at the motion of particles as the propagation of waves (within de Broglie’s wave-particle duality)[many systems moderated by singularities aliasing relativity magnitude assertions], we observe no asymmetry: the propagation of waves is observed to be the same in both directions in time, while the motion of “particle-balls” is not [Consider the highly deterministic nature of observable quantum entanglement when a measurement is made, versus low deterministic single photon outcomes, and versus the highly deterministic outcomes of fringe patterns. The outcomes are highly dependent upon the causal systems involved.]

As a result, in our real space-time we should have two different four-dimensional regions: our world with the direct flow of time and the mirror world wherein, from our point of view, time flows in the opposite direction [time and space are not foundational in non-relativistic systems, and though causally related, the deterministic nature is not directly observable]. These regions are separated with a space-time membrane [relativity from non-relativistic magnitude assertions, versus non-relativistic systems of quantum causality], on which, from the viewpoint of an “external observer” whose location is our world [relativistic] or the mirror world [non-relativistic], the observable time stops dt =0 [In QES, the observer biases the causal systems and skews observable time].

What sort of membrane is that and isn’t it merely a border surface between our world and the mirror world? [In QES, relativity is quantum causality produced, evolving magnitude assertions, and is neither directly observable nor measureable; differences in “systems” of evolving causality.] Our study of the question using the method of physical observable quantities gave the following result. Inside the membrane, which separates our world from the mirror world, a somewhat stricter condition is true dt =0, i.e. the observable time is degenerate. [This is an instantaneous event in relativity, while in non-relativity it is a confluence of systems of causal magnitude assertions; outcomes] This fact manifest two cases on the four-dimensional interval ds 2 = c2 dt2 - dσ2  ≠ 0  in the space-time region occupied by such a membrane:

a) dt =0, while dσ≠ 0 and ds 2 = - dσ2 ≠ 0  so this part of the space-time membrane should be observed by us a three-dimensional region inhabited by mass-bearing particles all physical processes on whom have been topped;

b) dt =0, while dσ= 0 and ds 2 = 0 as well [an instantaneous differential event in relativity; most easily seen in quantum entanglement (electromagnetics) and gravitational aberration (gravity)].

The second case manifests both physically observable time dt, four-dimensional metric ds2 =g α β dx α dx β and observable three-dimensional metric dσ2 =h I k dx i dx k to be degenerate. Mathematically this means full degeneration of the space-time region. [a single causal junction in non-relativistic causality, and a single point in space-time in our relativistic universe, i.e. observable physics] This part of the space-time membrane should be observed as an entire three-dimensional region shrunk into a single point, despite the fact that the coordinate time interval dt and the coordinate three-dimensional metric dμ 2 = g i k dx i dx k are non-degenerate inside such a region. [In non-relativistic causal systems the point is absolutely deterministic; however, the relativistic systems are floating upon references that have no absolute position. As evolving systems of causality evolve changes in relativity, the apparent point in space-time moves as causal equilibrium moderated by singularities equalizes outcomes based upon those singularities. Therefore, no quantum causality is directly linked to relativity. Tools must be developed to evolve systems of connectedness rather than individual quantum causality manipulations. Phase changes of systems (Quantum Scalar Calculus and Quantum Differential Systems Equations) rather than causal arithmetic. ] What is a fully degenerate space-time and does it contain any particles? [No, particles only exist in relativistic space.]

According to the general covariant method, which isn’t related to any specific frame of reference, in such a case we have absolute zero and the very statement of the problem is nonsense. [In non-relativistic space, absolute zero is a single point related to a single causal intersection of magnitude assertions] We therefore called a fully degenerate space-time or any fully degenerate region of the regular, non-degenerate space-time zero-space. But the method of physical observable quantities, linked to a real frame of reference and its properties, allows an observer to “look” inside a zero-space so that we see what is going on therein. As a result we found that any zero-space contained an entire world with its own coordinates[causal connectedness], trajectories [evolving magnitude assertions] and particles (zero-particles[quantum causality]). On the other hand, due to the geometric structure of the four-dimensional space-time a regular observer on the Earth sees an entire zero-space shrunk into a single point where the observable time stops [instantaneous relativity from singularity modulated causality systems]. But this fact doesn’t mean that the only way to enter the zero-space from our world is through a single special point [differences in observable relativity provides insight into the non-relativistic systems from which relativity is created].

Quite the contrary, the entrance is permitted at any point. What is necessary is to create the physical condition of degeneration in the local space of the entering object. [differential systems in observable physics] This condition means a special combination of the gravitational potential w, of the linear velocity of the space rotation vi, and of the penetrating object’s linear velocity ui, which finally takes the form w + vi ui = c 2. [The proposed MEMS device provided to neutralize systems of angular acceleration such that differences in observations relative to quantum entanglement, yield insights about quantum causality.] In a particular case, in the absence of the rotation of the object’s local space or if this object rests, the degeneration condition meets the condition of gravitational collapse w = c 2: the entering a zero-space is possible also through the state of gravitational collapse [Similarly devised experiments related to gravitational aberration may provide quantum causality insights related to gravity.].

Because the interval of observable time and the observable spatial interval in a zero-space are observed from our world as zeroes, any displacements of zero-particles are instantaneous from the viewpoint of a regular observer. [Instantaneous feedback in systems of non-relativistic quantum causality.] We call such way of interaction long-range action. Because particles of our world can not move in instant, they cannot carry long-range action. [Non-relativity from quantum causality is not directly observable; differences in systems must be used to deduce relationships.] But if interaction between two particles of our world is transmitted through a zero-space region (by means of the exchange of zero-particles), long-range action becomes possible[Manipulating systems of relativity may cause systems of non-relativity to connect/break under some constraints related to evolving quantum causality]: in such a case the observed time between the emission and the reception of a signal becomes zero. Further studies showed that zero-particles also bear a mass and frequency, but to see them we must enter the zero-space themselves [Mass and frequency are related to singularities that moderate systems of quantum causality].

How do zero-particles look like from the viewpoint of an observer who is located in our world? [Instantaneous events; either like entanglement or differential systems.] Can we detect zero-particles in experiments? [Yes, through differential deductions from HE Particle Collider experiments, Photonic experiments, and as suspected event macroscopic experiments.]] We have looked at this problem within de Broglie’s wave-particle concept. We have found that the wave phase equation (eikonal equation) of zero-particles is a standing wave equation. In other words, from our point of view zero-particles should be observed as light-like standing waves — the waves of “stopped” light[Systems of quantum causality]. So all zero-space is filled with standing light waves [This approximates a description of systems of quantum causality magnitude assertions.], or, in other word, standing light holograms [Observable Relativistic Physics functioned Quantum Entangled Systems as indicators of non-relativistic systems of Quantum Causality]. It is possible that the “stop-light experiments” done in Harvard by Lene Hau’s group and independently by Lukin and Walsworth may be an experimental “foreword” to discovery of zero-particles.

In up-to-date science the one and only type of particles is known for which the relationship between the energy and the momentum is not true. [Energy is a derived unit involving relativistic space-time. In non-relativistic quantum causality systems energy is represented as systems of quantum causal step events that produce relativistic phase changes.] These are virtual particles. According to the contemporary views based on experimental data, virtual particles [relative indication of intensity regarding systems of quantum causality systems of step events] carry interaction between any two observable particles (either mass-bearing or light-like ones). This fact allows unambiguous interpretation of zero-particles and zero-space[quantum causality]: a) zero-particles are virtual particles [non-relativistic causality] that carry interaction between any regular particles [relativistic outcomes]; b) zero-space is a space-time region inhabited by virtual particles [non-relativistic quantum causality systems moderated by singularity functions], and, at the same time, this is the membrane [From the perspective of observable physics, the superposition of relativity upon systems of quantum aliasing. Or, from the perspective of non-relativity, the vast systems of evolving magnitude assertions (several potential characteristics are considered needing experimental induction) and the abstract relationships they form to sustain dynamic equilibrium.] layer between our world and the mirror world.

Gravitational collapse is also allowed in a zero-space. As long as the gravitational potential w grows, we “descend” into the funnel of the zero-space deeper and deeper until w finally becomes equal to c 2 [Velocity is m/s or space/time and one or more singularities function to moderate non-relativistic scalar causality to provide the constrains observed in the physics of relativity.] and we shall find ourselves in a gravitational collapsar [Gravity is identified as one of three forms cited, or a combination of the three forms of functioned quantum causality, where quantum entanglement describes electromagnetism, gravitational aberration describes gravity in a similar sense of representation. Gravitational singularities moderating scalar causality instead of electromagnetic related singularities.]. From the viewpoint of a hypothetical observer whose location is a zero-space, the surface of a gravitational collapsar in the zero-space shrinks into a single point g i k dx I  dx k  = 0. This is the matter of degenerate gravitational collapsars which, contrary to the regular gravitational collapsars, are located in a zero-space [The same causal structure but related causally to different singularities; i.e. different but causally linked systems of quantum aliasing]. There is another interesting fact. A zero-space can only exist in the presence of the space rotation under the condition w + v i u i =c 2 [Moderation from functioned Singularities]. In the absence of the rotation, the zero-space always collapses: in such a case the gravitational collapsar expands to occupy the whole zero-space [Evolving consequences of singularity moderated systems of quantum causality and the related cognitively observable outcomes of relativity.].

If both gravitational field and space rotation are absent, the entering into the space-time membrane becomes impossible and any connexion between our world and the mirror world is lost [Our universe is a continuum that only exists from connectedness, and the reason why “nothing” relative to our universe, does not exist. “Nothing” is the absence of something associated with a coordinate system. Something means a relativistic observable associated with a coordinate system. In terms of relativity, a position in space is always something; a connected causal system of relationships. The infinite progression of dividing a position in half only evolves from causal intent (not necessarily cognitive)]. In general, such a purely geometric approach allowed us to see the fact that all properties of the particles which inhabit the substantional world, the light-like world, and the zero-world are a sequel of the geometrical structure of those regions of the space-time [The causal nature of the universe is substantially proved by the Standard Model for electromagnetics. To be causal and quantum infers Quantum Causality.].

All of the aforementioned results have been obtained exclusively thanks to Zelmanov’s method of physically observable quantities (chronometric invariants). The regular generally covariant method has been, and will be, of no use here. [All abstraction has a place in alternate dimensional spaces; not necessarily related to mapping the causal relationships of the Standard Model. But in terms of warp drives, intentional time variants, and other bending of space-time functions, the general covariant methods might in some way be used to create isolated systems of quantum causality, that when connected into our space-time causes catalysts to form warp bubbles, instantaneous travel, and other such bending of space-time.]. As a result, we can see that not all physical effects in the General Theory of Relativity are yet known in contemporary science. Further developments in experimental physics and observational astronomy will discover new phenomena, related, in particular, to the acceleration, rotation, deformation, and curvature of the local (laboratory) space of reference considered here. [All particle physics experiments will need to be redone and referenced to differential systems of experimental outcomes (i.e. relativity) to deduce the singularities associated with quantum causality and non-relativistic space. Once useful singularities are identified, then tools to control space-time can be created.]