User:Jamesmcclelland/minitest

Minimaze procedures are minimally invasive cardiac surgical procedures intended to cure atrial fibrillation (AF), a common disturbance of heart rhythm. Minimaze refers to "mini" versions of the original Maze procedure.

The Cox Maze Procedure
James Cox, MD, and associates developed the "Maze" or "Cox Maze" procedure, an open-heart surgical procedure intended to eliminate atrial fibrillation, and performed the first one in 1987 (Cox 1991). “Maze” refers to the series of incisions made in the atria (upper chambers of the heart), which are arranged in a maze-like pattern. The intention was to eliminate AF by using incisional scars to block abnormal electrical circuits (atrial macroreentry) that AF requires. This procedure required an extensive series of endocardial (from the inside of the heart) incisions through both atria, a median sternotomy (vertical incision through the breastbone) and cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine). A series of improvements were made, culminating in 1992 in the Cox Maze III procedure, which is now considered to be the "gold standard” for effective surgical cure of AF. It was quite successful in eliminating AF, but had drawbacks as well (Prasad 2003). The Cox Maze III is sometimes referred to as the “Traditional Maze”, the “Cut and Sew Maze”, or simply the "Maze".

Efforts have since been made to equal the success of the Cox Maze III while reducing surgical complexity and likelihood of complications. During the late 1990s, operations similar to the Cox Maze, but with fewer atrial incisions, led to the use of the terms "minimaze", "mini maze" and “mini-maze” (Szalaya 1999), although these were still major operations.

A primary goal has been to perform a curative, "Maze-like" procedure epicardially (from the outside of the heart), so that it could be performed on a normally beating heart, without cardiopulmonary bypass. Until recently this was not thought possible; as recently as 2004, Dr. Cox defined the Mini-Maze as requiring an endocardial approach:

"“In summary, it would appear that placing the following lesions can cure most patients with atrial fibrillation of either type: pulmonary vein encircling incision, left atrial isthmus lesion with its attendant coronary sinus lesion, and the right atrial isthmus lesion. We call this pattern of atrial lesions the “Mini-Maze Procedure” ... None of the present energy sources—including cryotherapy, unipolar radiofrequency, irrigated radiofrequency, bipolar radiofrequency, microwave, and laser energy—are capable of creating the left atrial isthmus lesion from the epicardial surface, because of the necessity of penetrating through the circumflex coronary artery to reach the left atrial wall near the posterior mitral annulus. Therefore, the Mini-Maze Procedure cannot be performed epicardially by means of any presently available energy source.” (Cox 2004)"

The Advent of Minimally Invasive Epicardial Surgical Procedures for AF
Although Dr. Cox's 2004 definition specifically excludes an epicardial approach to eliminate AF, he and others pursued this important goal, and the meaning of the term changed as successful epicardial procedures were developed. In 2002 Saltman performed a completely endoscopic surgical ablation of AF (Saltman 2003) and subsequently published their results in 14 patients (Salenger 2004). These were performed epicardially, on the beating heart, without cardiopulmonary bypass or median sternotomy. Their method came to be known as the minimaze or microwave minimaze procedure, because microwave energy was used to make the lesions that had previously been performed by the surgeon's scalpel.

Shortly thereafter, Randall K. Wolf, MD and others developed a procedure using radiofrequency energy rather than microwave, and different, slightly larger incisions. In 2005, he published his results in the first 27 patients (Wolf 2005). This came to be known as the Wolf MiniMaze procedure.

Today, the terms “minimaze”, "mini-maze", and "mini maze" are still sometimes used to describe open heart procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and median sternotomy, but are more commonly they refer to minimally invasive, epicardial procedures not requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, such as those developed by Saltman, Wolf, and others. These procedures are characterized by:

1. No median sternotomy incision; instead, endoscopes and/or “mini-thoracotomy” incisions between the ribs are used. 2. No cardiopulmonary bypass; instead, these procedures are performed on the normally beating heart. 3. Few or no actual incisions into the heart itself. The "maze" lesions are made epicardially by using radiofrequency, microwave, or ultrasonic energy, or by freezing the tissue. 4. The part of the left atrium in which most clots form (the “appendage”) is usually removed, in an effort to reduce the long-term likelihood of stroke.

Microwave minimaze
Completely Endoscopic Microwave Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation on the Beating Heart Using Bilateral Thoracoscopy: The microwave minimaze requires three 5mm to 1cm incisions on each side of the chest for the surgical tools and endoscopes. The pericardial space is entered, and two sterile rubber tubes are threaded behind the heart, in the transverse and oblique sinuses. These tubes are joined together, then used to guide the flexible microwave antenna energy source through the sinuses behind the heart, to position it for ablation. Energy is delivered and the atrial tissue heated and destroyed in a series of steps as the microwave antenna is withdrawn behind the heart. The lesions form a "box-like" pattern around all four pulmonary veins behind the heart. The left atrial appendage is usually removed (Saltman 2003, Salenger 2004). A very thorough description of the procedure is available.

Wolf MiniMaze
Video-assisted Bilateral Epicardial Bipolar Radiofrequency Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Left Atrial Appendage Excision: The Wolf MiniMaze requires one 5cm and two 1cm incisions on each side of the chest. These incisions allow the surgeon to maneuver the tools, view areas through a videoscope, and to see the heart directly. The right side of the left atrium is exposed first. A clamp-like tool is positioned on the left atrium near the right pulmonary veins, and the atrial tissue is heated between the jaws of the clamp, cauterizing the area. The clamp is removed. The autonomic nerves (ganglionated plexi) that may cause AF (Coumel 1994) may be eliminated as well. Subsequently the left side of the chest is entered. The ligament of Marshall (a vestigial structure with marked autonomic activity) is removed. The clamp is subsequently positioned on the left atrium near the left pulmonary veins for ablation. Direct testing to demonstrate complete electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins, and that the ganglionated plexi are no longer active, may be performed (Wolf 2005).

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) minimaze
Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off-pump, epicardial, high-intensity focused ultrasound: Although the HIFU minimaze is performed epicardially, on the normally beating heart, it is also usually performed in conjunction with other cardiac surgery, and so would not be minimally invasive in those cases. An ultrasonic device is positioned epicardially, on the left atrium, around the pulmonary veins, and intense acoustic energy is directed at the atrium to destroy tissue in the appropriate regions near the pulmonary veins (Ninet 2005).

Patient Selection
The minimaze procedures are alternatives to catheter ablation of AF, and the patient criteria are similar. Patients are considered for minimaze procedures if they have moderate or severe symptoms and have failed medical therapy; asymptomatic patients are generally not considered. Those most likely to have a good outcome have paroxysmal (intermittent) AF, and have a heart that is relatively normal. Those with severely enlarged atria, markedly reduced heart pumping function, or severely leaking heart valves are less likely to have a successful result; these procedures are generally not recommended for such patients. Previous open-heart surgery provides technical challenges due to scarring on the outside of the heart, but does not always preclude minimaze surgery.

Surgical Results
Long-term success of the minimaze procedures awaits a consensus. Attaining a consensus is hindered by several problems; perhaps the most important of these is incomplete or inconsistent post-procedure follow-up to determine if atrial fibrillation has recurred (Prasad 2003). It has been clearly demonstrated that longer or more intensive follow-up identifies much more recurrent atrial fibrillation (Israel 2004), hence a procedure with more careful follow-up will appear to be less successful. In addition, procedures continue to evolve rapidly, so long follow-up data do not accurately reflect current procedural methods. For more recent minimaze procedures, only relatively small and preliminary reports are available. A new metric ("Single Procedure Risk Adjusted Success") has been proposed in an attempt to control for some of these inconsistencies, but it has not been widely accepted. With those caveats in mind, it can be said that reported short-term success rates range from 67% to 91% (Salenger 2004, Wolf 2005, Ninet 2005).