User:JaneClawsten/movimiento in colorado

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado

History, pre-1960
La Sociedad Protección Mutua de Trabajadores Unidos was first formed in 1900 to protect property rights and fight discrimination for Hispanic people. They built a lodge in 1925 which is on the National Register.

Starting in the 1920s, the US instituted quotas for European immigrants. Farmers and railroads recruited Mexicans and southern African Americans as laborers. The Colorado Bracero Project began in 1942 to bring Mexicans as farm laborers to the US.

In 1922, the Sociedad Mutualista Ignacio Zaragoza, or Zaragoza Society, was formed in Pueblo by Mexicans to preserve their heritage, culture, and language. It was named for Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza, hero of Battle of Puebla in 1862.

In 1922, Denver and the Auraria campus area saw major migration and discrimination. The St. Cajetan Church in Auraria was established for this growing population.

Timeline of key moments
 * July 1, 1968 - National Floral Workers Organization formed by Guadalupe Briseno against the Kitayama Carnation company.
 * Ricardo and Priscilla Falcon were organizers for the Kitayama Carnatio Strike, Cesar Chavez's Grape Boycott, and student demonstrations at CU Boulder. In 1972, Ricardo Falcon was murdered on the way to the La Raza Unida National Convention in El Paso, Texas.
 * March 17, 1973 - Organizer Luis "Junior" Martinez was shot and killed by Denver Police during the bombing at the Crusade for Justice building.
 * May 1974 - Los Seis de Boulder are killed in car bombs.

Student activism
Youth are the backbone of the movement. Chicano Youth Liberation Conference

UMAS
In 1968, 9 Mexican-American students created United Mexican American Students (UMAS) at the University of Colorado Boulder. Their goal was to increase recruitment and retention of Mexican American and Chicanx students in Colorado, doing the work that the university was not doing. From 1968 to 1972, the organization grew from 9 members to over 1200.

In 1972, Ricardo Falcon was assassinated. The UMAS alum was traveling through Oro Grande, New Mexico on the way to the La Raza Unida National Conference. The University began to dismantle the student group by appointing new directors who started program cuts. In 1973, students did not receive their financial aid and occupied the regent administrative building. They convinced the administration to give into their demands.

In spring 1974, UMAS students occupied Temporary Building #1 to pressure the university to remove the directors. They remained here for 18 days, and two car bombs killed 6 activists and injured 1. Los Seis de Boulder became a flash point.

Cole Middle School
1954 - 1000 Mexicans demonstrate at Cole Middle School, establishment of Good Americans Organization under Paco Sanchez

Denver West High School
In response to the LA high school walkouts, Denver West High Walkouts 1968

On March 20, 1969, students at Denver West High School organized a walkout and march to Baker Junior High School. The students demanded the incorporation of Chicano history and literature into curriculum, bilingual classes, and end teachers encouraging students to join the military and Vietnam War. The students had support from the Crusade for Justice, and almost 300 students participated. When the students marched back to West High School, Denver Police met them wearing riot gear and violence broke out. 25 people were arrested and 6 people were injured. The next day, the protest continued and 1200 people showed up to support the protest. They marched from West High School to Lincoln Park, and violence again broke out. These demonstrations started four days of unrest that were known as the "blowouts" that sparked more of the movement around the country.

Pueblo student walkouts

 * 1968 Pueblo HS walkouts, students suspended
 * 1971 long-haired students of District 70 fight suspension
 * 1973 Pueblo police patrol centennial high school after racially motivated brawls
 * 1977 Fountain Elementary School partens withdraw 25 students in protest

Activist Groups

 * La Raza Unida
 * Brown Berets
 * Black Berets
 * La Gente
 * Padres & Jovenes Unidos is now Movimiento Poder. https://www.westword.com/news/denver-movimiento-poder-latinx-organization-launch-12916031

Colorado Raza Unida Party
Corky Gonzales - at the first the Chicano Youth Liberation Conference of 1969. There was no coordinaton with the Texas party, but they joined when the organizers agitated for a national party. Gonzales wanted a separatist social movement that was focused on the Aztec homeland. At the 1972 National La Raza Unida convention, there was a split between Gonzalez and the Texas party leader Guitierrez.

Gonzalez presented the Plan Espiritual de Aztlán at the 1969 conference, and La Raza Unida Party was announced on March 29, 1970 on the last day of the Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in Denver, CO.

A political caucus was held on April 27, 1970, and the party was officially formed in Colorado. Liz Montoya and Priscilla Salazar left the Democratic party to join the new Raza Unida party. The first convention was held in Pueblo, Colorado on May 16, 1970. They announced their first slate of candidates:
 * Albert Gurule - Governor
 * George Garcia - Lt. Governor
 * Patricia Gomez - House of Representatives, District 35

"The titles for the Declaration of rights sent out by La Raza Unida El Plan de El Paso was copied from a declaration of demands written by Rodolfo "Corky" gonzales let's hope they live up to it."

Leaders of RUP included Martin Serna and Alberto Gurule.

During the Chicano Moratorium LA riot, several candidates from La Raza Unida Party were arrested: Al Gurule, George Garcia, Carlos Santistevan, Martin Serna, Joe Gonzales, and many others including Corky Gonzales himself. Charges were dropped for all of the Colorado detainees except for Corky Gonzales and Gurule.

A national walk-out and work stoppage was called for on September 16, Mexican-American Independence Day.

From August 2 - 9, 19??, Chicanos marched 110 miles from Pueblo to Denver to raise the plight of dangerous work conditions of largely Mexican or Mexican-American farm workers. 65 people marched the entire way, over 200 people participated and even more met the marchers at the Denver State Capitol.

One major galvanizing moment was the assault of Robert Gomez on July 25. Al Gurule led a picket line at the judicial building in August 19??.

Women in the movement

 * Mothers of Casa Verde

Kitiyama Carnation Strike

 * 1969 first pickets at Safeway in pueblo
 * 1970 La Marcha from PUeblo to Denver in August with 100 marchers for farmworkers plight
 * 1970 first Cinco de Mayo in Pueblo organized by Brown Berets

Land Rights
https://www.cpr.org/2022/05/13/how-pueblos-salt-creek-was-stripped-of-its-rights-and-why-activists-are-fighting-to-get-them-back/
 * Land Rights Council begins with Shirley Romero-Otero and Ray Otero

Legal actions

 * 1972 Barrio de Salado Im provement Association
 * 1972 air pollution by Rockwool inudstries opposed by Goat Hill Chicano and Italian communities
 * 1972 Chicano studies begins at Southern Colorado State College one year after occupation of administration building by MEChA
 * 1973 Fondo San Isidro formed to assist small chicano businesses
 * 1975 Comision Femenil Medxicana Nacional formed to end compulsory sterilization

Pueblo

 * first CO teacher corps program at Adams State college in Alamosa
 * La Casa Verde created in Pueblo
 * 1972 Project Adelante begins in Pueblo
 * 1972 Teacher corps begins program in Pueblo
 * 1972 Casa Verde mothers initiate discussion with Pueblo Parks & Rec on Lower Eastside park, Now Plaza Verde Park
 * 1971 National La Raza Unida conference in Pueblo
 * Puebloans atend Chicano Moratorium in LA
 * 1974 Barrio Fine arts institute founded by eddie montour
 * 1975 Pueblo neighborhood health centers formed with Dr. Richard Rivera


 * 1992 Abolish Columbus Day protest started in Pueblo at the 500 year anniversary of invasion of Hispaniola

Culture

 * 1946 - creation of Casa Mayan in Denver
 * 1971 first issue of El Zapatista
 * 1971 Su Teatro begins in Denver
 * 1974 Teatro de la lucha begins in Pueblo
 * 1976 first issue of La Cucaracaha


 * 1968 Escuela Huitzhualopan started
 * 1972 Ricardo Falcon shot and killed in NM on way to La Raza Unida conference


 * 1973 murder of Santos Rodriguez by Dallas Police
 * 1973 March, Crusade for Justice attacked, Francisco E. "Kiko" martinez indicted, acquitted


 * 1980s La Gente formed to keep kids off the streets
 * 1985 La Gente Youth Sports formed
 * 1988 Occupied America by Rodolfo Acuna first published



Notable People

 * Corky Gonzalez
 * Richard Castro
 * Martin Serna
 * Ricardo Falcon
 * Los Seis de Boulder
 * Albert Gurule
 * Magdaleno "Len" Avila

Press
https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_news_map.shtml
 * El Diario de la Gente (1973)
 * El Gallo (1967-1980)
 * El Zapatista (1968)
 * La Cucaracha (1976-1983)
 * La Luz (1972-1980)
 * Metamorphosis (1978)
 * Somos Aztlan (1972)
 * UMAS Publication (1970)
 * Venceremos (1978)

Read more

 * https://latinohistoryproject.org/primary_source_set/umas-united-mexican-american-students/
 * https://latinohistoryproject.org/primary_source_set/founding-of-umas/
 * https://video.rmpbs.org/video/colorado-experience-justicia-y-libertad/
 * https://simmonslis.libguides.com/c.php?g=895319&p=6438821