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egyptian reflection Janice (Jan) Richmond Lourie (July 9, 1930) is a computer scientist and graphic artist. In the late 1960's she was a pioneer in CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture) for the textile industry. She is best known for inventing a set of software tools that facilitate the textile production stream from artist to manufacturer. For this process, GRAPHICAL DESIGN OF TEXTILES, she was granted IBM's first software patent. Other projects, in differing disciplines, share the focus on graphic representation. She returns throughout an ongoing career to the stacked two dimensional tabular arrays of textiles and computer graphics, and the topological structures of interrelated data.

Contents [hide] 1 Education 2 IBM 2.1 Operations Research 2.2 Textile Graphics/ Computer-Aided 2.3 Software Engineering 3 Amiga Graphics 4 Composite Graphics 4.1 Becoming 4.2 Gotham 4.3 Wood metal stone 4.4 Contagion of creativity 4.5 Crisis in wall street 4.6 The first internet: the alphabet 5 Recognition 6 Publications 7 References 8 Notes Education Janice studied music theory and history at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge Massachusetts. Rosario Mazzeo was her clarinet teacher. She performed in chamber music concerts in the tapestry gallery series at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and with amateur orchestras and chamber music groups in the Boston area. In 1954 she became a founding member of the Camerata of the Museum of Fine Arts. Her instruments were the tenor shawm and psaltery from the museum collection[ref 1][ref 2] and contemporary Dolmetsch recorders.

When she received her AB degree in philosophy from Tufts University she was employed as a technical editor at Parke Mathematical Laboratories[ref 3] in Concord Massachusetts. Her interest in the material she edited led to work at the MIT Whirlwind computer which she combined with basic mathematics courses. She returned to school and received a master’s degree in mathematics from Boston University.[note 1]

IBM Janice was recruited by IBM. In 1957 it was common for IBM and other computer manufacturers to hire musicians as programmers because of their focus on structure. Her first assignment was to assist Dr. John (Giampiero) Rossoni who was in charge of the IBM part of the Operation Moonwatch Project then being conducted at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.[note 2]

Operations Research Her first major project, in Operations Research, was to implement an algorithm by Abraham Charnes [ref 4] to solve the machine loading problem -- a generalization of the transportation problem. In 1958 a software solution to the transportation problem was a staple operations research tool. The solution determines the pattern of delivery of one type of goods from multiple sources to multiple destinations satisfying all requirements at a minimum cost.

The generalized problem, expressed as machine loading, states that all the products may be different and may be produced on different machines. The variability of sources and destinations in this model has a drastic effect on the topological structure underlying the solution.[note 3] The topology of each stage of an iterative solution in the transportation problem is a tree structure. In the generalized transportation problem the topological structure of the evolving interative solution is a set of disconnected loops each with attached branched sidechains (trees).

Since each iteration of the generalized solution proceeding toward a minimum cost objective has a new assignment of products to machines, the topological structure of loops and chains at the beginning of an iteration is broken, and a new such structure is produced. Jan analyzed the possible structures that could be created during iterations into 38 independent cases. A significance of the topological analysis is that it provided a verification method.[note 4] The resulting paper, "The topology and computation of the generalized transportation problem," graphically represents the case analysis.[pub 1] The interest in this paper[ref 5][ref 6][ref 7] comes from the graphic representations of the original transportation problem in the stepping stone and simplex method formulations. The corresponding IBM program,[pub 2] released in 1959, utilized efficient list processing (tree tracing) techniques combined with a bookeeping system for managing the loops. (At the time LISP was being developed at MIT by John McCarthy).

Textile Graphics/ Computer-Aided Janice’s interest in weaving began at age seven when she saw an exhibit of traveling weavers from Berea, Kentucky. As an adult she studied fabric construction with Kate Van Cleve[ref 8] in Boston, and design with Lili Blumenau [ref 9] and tapestry with Maria Mundal[ref 10] in New York City. Her own weaving was exhibited in New York at the Pen and Brush and with Artist Craftsmen of New York from 1962 to 1982.

In 1964 she made a proposal to IBM management, which was accepted, to develop a working system to translate artists’ designs into loom control information, and to develop the hardware and software to control the loom. Her first article, "The textile designer of the future,"[pub 3] explained how working with a computer would give increased freedom to textile designers. "On-line textile designing"[pub 4] reviewed past attempts at automating the designing process and set forth reasons why the advent of interactive tools now made aspects of this goal feasible.

Janice spent a year in three diverse textile manufacturing facilities, working alongside artists and designers, to learn the aesthetic judgments and technical skills needed to transform artwork to point paper -- the preliminary representation of production control. When her software design was complete IBM filed a software patent in 1966. It was granted in 1970. It was IBM's first software patent.[pub 5] Related patents [pub 6][pub 7][pub 8] and later a book, Textile Graphics/Computer Aided,[pub 9] followed.

The Textile Graphics project then undertook the natural extensions to printed and knitted fabrics, and woven fabrics produced on a dobby loom.[pub 10][pub 11] The algebraic formulation of the designs produced on a dobby loom is described in an ACM paper.[pub 12][note 5] Textile Graphics, known as GRITS (graphic interactive textile system) internally, was a precursor of today's tools that allow a personal computer user to “paint” closed areas of a design with color or patterns. The 1969 paper, "Computation of connected regions in interactive graphics,"[pub 13] addresses the problem of automatically identifying and labeling the connected regions formed by sets of closed curves -- a general problem encountered in interactive computer graphics. The first patent subsumes this capability. The subsequent patent related to connected regions, enlarged the scope of the procedure to arbitrarily large designs.

When preparation was underway for the 1968 San Antonio HemisFair, IBM chose the Textile Graphics system for its Durango pavilion. Visitors were able to draw the design on the screen and receive a swatch of woven fabric within three minutes.[ref 11] The complete system is described in an IFIPS paper.[pub 14] The visibility of both the process and the product made a clear statement of CAD/CAM. In his book, Computer History from Pascal to von Neumann, Herman Goldstine comments on the significance of this application.[ref 12]

Interactive computer tools -- display screens, digital drawing tablets, lightpens and function keyboards -- drew interest in creative applications. Museums and art organizations saw potential applications early. The Metropolitan Museum held a conference on the potential applications of computers in Museums in 1968.[pub 15] Following that, in 1970,Janice and IBM colleague Alice Bonin collaborated with Virginia Burton, an Egyptologist at the museum, on an archeological paper.[pub 16] Jan was a focus group leader at Insight '69,[ref 13] a conference of the American Craftsmen of the Northeast Region held at Bennington College. Her group of experienced craftsmen explored the potential use of computers by building a small computer memory using blades of grass and clover blossoms for ones and zeroes, learning binary arithmetic, and thinking up new applications based on their personal interests. James Martin's book[ref 14] shows photographs of the use of interactive tools on the Textile Graphics system. Stewart Kranz interviewed Janice on the bridge between science and art[ref 15].

Early in the 1970s, the president of FIT, Lawrence Jarvie, made a request to IBM for Janice to teach a course in her Textile Graphics system to FIT faculty. The faculty was composed of designers who both taught and worked in the industry.[note 6] It was an opportunity for feedback. IBM gave a Geospace high resolution plotter to the school to enable the students to experiment with manipulation of digital designs and execute the production process using their internal printing facilities.

The faculty course was followed by a course for FIT students. IBM gave the HemisFair loom and electronic control head to FIT. The course was hands on, taught jointly by Janice and Nitta Dooner, then acting director of the FIT Computation Center. Three of the students coauthored a paper on the course with Lourie and Dooner.[pub 17] Dooner, Lourie and Velderman[note 7] jointly developed a system for sampling dobby textiles.[pub 18]

Software Engineering In the 1970’s Janice taught a course in Software Engineering at the IBM Systems Science Institute in New York City. Experience with the FIT course and with student involvement led to two collaborative efforts on software and graphic systems design tools with Janice at IBM SSI and Nitta Dooner at IBM Watson Reearch Center.[pub 19][pub 20] The development of the tools was used as teaching material in the software engineering course.

Amiga Graphics In 1987, Commodore released a frame grabber for the Amiga computer, called Live!. The input was rolling pre-recorded video. Capture was triggered by pressing keyboard keys. A graphic improvisation could be produced by assigning, in advance, different keys to different graphic transformations. During performance, a user watching the rolling video on the screen selected an appropriate transformation which began and ended with a key press. Tape rolled until the next transformation was selected.

The technique of assigning different capabilities to a set of keys was reminiscent of the IBM function keyboard associated with the 2250 display unit developed by IBM for automobile design and used on the Textile Graphics project.

Jan produced the video "Manhattan Live!" which was shown at the Donnell Library in 1989.

Composite Graphics In 1995 with the release of "Scrutiny in the Great Round", a prize winning interactive video, Jan's primary tools became Adobe Photoshop and Elastic Reality. Elastic Reality combined morphing and compositing for stills and video.

She utilized a full composite technique, subsuming collage, overlay and alpha channel, allowing every pixel to be filtered by a different amount of transparency. Access to intermediate stages of the composite, for modification or standalone use, was provided by a descriptive statement form that included all the images and processes involved in producing a stage. The statement became the filename of the image, making it possible to trace the entire subtree of images from which it was developed.[pub 21]

Becoming In 2002 Jan and colleague Takayo Noda presented a two part show at the National Arts Club - the dimensional collages of Noda, and a projected video poem "Becoming" by Lourie which used the Elastic Reality morphed images of Noda’s work combined with lines of traditional poetry expressing parallel themes of becoming older and younger.[pub 22]

Gotham In 2004 Jan and colleague Joan Firestone presented a show at the Southern Vermont Arts Center, called "Gotham: extraordinary images of an exceptional city."[pub 23][pub 24][pub 25]

The images were based on walkabout Manhattan pictures taken jointly and composited using Elastic Reality. The Wilson Museum at the Southern Vermont Arts Center, which hosted the exhibit, was itself the subject of an independent video. The video used both morphed images of the museum as well as composited elements of its own structure.

Wood metal stone

Delmonico trumped The sculpture Rondo, by Tony Rosenthal, which stands on the sidewalk in front of the 58th street branch of the New York Public Library, caught Jan's attention on a walk. She used photographs of it in her next show.[pub 26] The textures of wood metal and stone in the photographs came from the bronze of the sculpture influenced by the sun and drive-by reflections. Rondo images were composited with city architecture.[ref 16][ref 17] "Delmonico trumped" and the triple print "Escalate 1,2,3" are in the print collection of the New York Historical Society.

A symposium on creativity was conducted along with the show. Wayne Eastman's blog conveys the spirit of the subject.[ref 18]

Contagion of creativity Rondo plays a major role in the next show "Contagion of Creativity". Jan spent many hours studying Rondo from different angles and under different weather and lighting conditions. The library manager John Bhagwandin offered to rotate the sculpture to take advantage of light hitting it in different ways. Small areas became enlarged total images. Printed on brushed aluminum, they can now be seen encircling the library above the bookshelves.[pub 27]

Crisis in wall street

why did everyone not see the danger Janice, who had to leave her childhood home during World War II, was motivated to learn about the Wall Street crisis in the first decade of the 21st century. The result was the show: "Crisis in Wall Street: how a home was lost.[pub 28][pub 29]

The show is in three parts -- text, poem and images. It correlates what happened with the ensuing reactions. The text and the poem match each other section by section. Each line of a verse appears on a brushed aluminum print representing the sentiment of the text. The metal prints are at the Rutgers Business School.

The first internet: the alphabet

Kcomposite egyptian reflection The images in the show make use of transparency to convey the linking of today and that original time; they pay tribute to the past with modern technology.

The images are Elastic Reality composites of alphabetic characters from Photoshop and reflections-in-gleaming-metal photographs, many from "Contagion of Creativity". The twenty-six letters are printed on brushed aluminum.

Recognition IBM outstanding contribution award 1969

IBM invention achievement award 1970

Elected to sigma xi 1958

Tufts University Arts and Sciences overseer 1999--2009

Founding member of the Camerata of the Museum of Fine Arts 1954

IBM first software patent 1970

HemisFair pavilion dedicated to display of Textile Graphics 1968

Invited to be ACM national lecturer 1971

Publications Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1964). "Topology and computation of the generalized transportation problem". Management Science 11 (1): 177 –– 187. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Eiseman, Kurt; Lourie, Janice R. (1959-01-05). "The Machine Loading Problem". Preprints of papers presented at the 14th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1966). "The textile designer of the future". Handweaver and Craftsman, Winter. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R.; Lorenzo, J.; Bomberault, A. (1966). "On-line textile designing". ACM '66 Proceedings of the 1966 21st national conference (ACM New York, NY, USA ©1966): 537 –– 544. doi:10.1145/800256.810736. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice Richmond. "GRAPHICAL DESIGN OF TEXTILES US Patent 33,529,298" (1970). Google Patents. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ M Lourie, Janice R.; Woo, Lin (1972). "PROCESSING OF MULTILAYER WEAVE DESIGN DATA US Patent 3,634,827". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ United States Patent Lourie 1 Feb. 22, 1972 [54] METHOD OF IDENTIFYING CONNECTED REGIONS IN A LARGE SEGMENTED PATTERN [72 Inventor: Janice Richmond Lourie, New York, NY. [73] Assignee: lntemational Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY. [22] Filed: May 14, 1970 [21] Appl. No: 37,282 http://www.google.nl/patents/US3644935 Jump up ^ U. S. Patent Office - Defensive Publication T921-021 - April 16, 1974 - Processing of Data for Multicolor or Other Multisymbol Design - Nitta P. Dooner, Janice R. Lourie, Lin Woo Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1973). Textile Graphics/ Computer Aided. Nitta P. Dooner consultant. Fairchild Publications. p. 297. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R.; Lorenzo, John (1967). "Textile graphics applied to textile printing". AFIPS '67 (Fall) Proceedings of the November 14-16, 1967, fall joint computer conference: 33 –– 40. doi:10.1145/1465611.1465617. Retrieved 12 06 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R.; Dooner, Nitta P. (1972). "Interactive knitted textile design: A computer tool for designers and manufacturers". DAC '72 Proceedings of the 9th Design Automation Workshop (ACM New York, NY): 287 –– 300. doi:10.1145/800153.804960. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1969). "Loom constrained designs: an algebraic solution". ACM '69 Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference: 185 –– 192. doi:10.1145/800195.805931. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1969). "Computation of connected regions in interactive graphics". ACM '69 Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference (ACM): 369 –– 377. doi:10.1145/800195.805944. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R.; Bonin, Alice (1968). "Computer-controlled textile designing and weaving". IFIP Congress (2): 884–891. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1968). "An Example of Computer Graphic Tools for Executing Aesthetic Decisions". The Metropolitan Museum Conference on Computers and Their Potential Applications in Museums (April 1968). New York. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Burton, Virginia; Bonin, Alice; Lourie, Janice R. (1970). "The computer and archaelolgy". The American Journal of Archaeology (JSTOR): 221–223. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Gubiotti, Ann C.; Velderman, Pat; Dooner, Nitta P.; Lourie, Janice R.; James, Kay (1973). "Textile Graphics/Computer Aided: A course taught at the Fashion Institute of Technology". ACM '73 Proceedings of the ACM annual conference (ACM): 357 ––361. doi:10.1145/800192.805734. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Dooner, Nitta P.; Lourie, Janice R.; Velderman, P. (April 1974). "An interactive graphic and process controlled system for composing and sampling loom constrained designs". Computer (IEEE) 7 (4): 45 –– 49. doi:10.1109/MC.1974.6323497. Jump up ^ Dooner, Nitta P.; Lourie, Janice R. (1974). "Metasystem: A hierarchically structured graphic tool". DAC '74 Proceedings of the 11th Design Automation Workshop (IEEE Press Piscataway, NJ): 52 –– 61. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Dooner, Nitta P.; Lourie, Janice R. (1975). "The application software engineering tool". Proceedings of the 12th Design Automation Conference (IEEE Press): 50–61. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Janice R. (1980). "Data tracking". ACM SIGDA Newsletter Homepage archive (ACM New York, NY) 10 (2): 68 –– 82. doi:10.1145/382171.382654. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (2002). "Becoming". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan. "Collections: Jan Lourie". Transit Rigging digital composite photograph by Joan Firestone and Jan Lourie. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan. "Slater Concourse archive September 2005". digital composite photography Fusion Prints: Gotham by Jan Lourie and Joan Firestone. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (2004). "Fusion Prints: The Gotham Series – Extraordinary Images of an Exceptional City, SVAC, 2004; Cooper Union, NY, 2004; Hall of Science, Queens, 2005; Tufts University, 2005". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (January - March 2008). "Jan Lourie's metaprints; wood metal stone" (exhibit). digital composite photographs. Rutgers Business School. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help) Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (summer 2007). "Arts and Exhibits". Through June 30: June Arts Festival, featuring works by Jan Lourie. Metroland online. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help) Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (2014/11/19). "Provocative symposium celebrates artist Jan Lourie and a rare exhibit of art at Rutgers Business School". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help) Jump up ^ Lourie, Jan (Exhibit runs from October 7 thru Nov. 19). "Art Poetry and the 2007 Subprime Crisis". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help) References Jump up ^ Bessaraboff, Nicholas (1941). Ancient European Musical Instruments. An Organological Study of the Musical Instruments in the Leslie Lindsey Mason Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. By Nicholas Bessaraboff. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. p. 503. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin Lesley Lindsey Mason collection of musical instruments XV. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 1917. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Parke Mathematical Laboratories, Inc. "Selected bibliography on coding theory (1957 - 1968)". Foundations of Coding Theory (D. Reidel, Dordrect Holland): 207 – 209. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Phillips, Fred Y.; Seiford, Lawrence M. (2011). "18 Abraham Charnes". In Assad, A.A.; Gass, S.I. Profiles in Operations Research. Springer US. pp. 325–342. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6281-2_18. ISBN 978-1-4419-6280-5. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Dantzig, George B. (1963). Linear Programming and Extensions. Princeton University Press. p. 627. ISBN 0691080003. Jump up ^ Charnes, A.; Raike, W.M. (1966). "One-pass algorithms for some generalized network problems". Operations Research 14 (5). Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Gass, Saul I. (2003) [1985]. Linear Programming: methods and applications/ 5th edition. p. 502. ISBN 0-486-43284-X. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Van Cleve, Kate; Ivey, Beta; Tate, Lou (1) [1938]. The Weaver, V3, No. 4, October, 1938. Literary Licensing, LLC. p. 34. ISBN 978-1258755508. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help) Jump up ^ Smithsonian Archives of American Art. "Lili Blumenau". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. "Maria Mundal". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 May 2014. Jump up ^ Korte, Joan Marston; Peche, David L. (January 2013). Downtown San Antonio. Arcadia Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9780738584911. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Goldstine, Herman H. (1980). The Computer from Pascal to von Neuman. Princeton. p. 365. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Richards, Mary Caroline. The Crossing Point: Selected Talks and Writings. Wesleyan University Press. p. 123. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Martin, James (1973). Design of Man-Computer Dialogues. Prentice-Hall. p. 347. ISBN 0132012510. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Kranz, Stewart (1974). "the bridge between science and art". Science & technology in the arts: a tour through the realm of.science/art. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 112. Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Fels, Tom (2008). "critique of Jan Lourie's work". Retrieved 2014/4/18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Jump up ^ Kruger, Laura (2008). "critique of Jan Lourie's artwork". Retrieved June 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Eastman, Wayne (March 11, 2009). "Value competition: Creativity in Art, Technology, and Business" (blog). Retrieved June 24, 2014. Notes Jump up ^ the first computer science degree program in the United States was subsequently formed at Purdue University in 1962 Jump up ^ It was a cooperative effort between Harvard University and IBM. A phase of the Moonwatch project was drawing to a close and awaited the verdict that the software was working. On the night of October 3, 1957 the teams from both Harvard and IBM were at the Smithsonian Observatory celebrating the working of the project, when shortly after midnight they received word that Russia had launched Sputnik! Jump up ^ Kurt Eiseman, who directed the project, had a succint response to the frequently asked question "that's like the Transportation Problem isn't it?" response: "The Machine Loading problem is to the Transportation Problem as the Transportation Problem is to the solution of two simultaneous equations in two unknowns."