User:Japswep21/sandbox

Article Evaluation
Environmental migrants page--- south america headline. Maybe suggest change to enumeration heading. Japswep21 (talk) 20:12, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Draft 1
Topic: Migration as a result of Climate Change in South America Migration in South America doesn’t always increase as a result of increased environmental threats but is highly affected by many factors such as climate variability and land suitability. [1] Many peer reviewed articles analyzing migration in South America have found linkages between climate change and migration. These migrations happen either gradually or suddenly but are typically directed towards urban areas. [2] Inter-provincial migration may not be heavily influenced by environmental changes but migration between countries is heavily influenced. [2] Responses to environmental migration vary but some call for preventive resettlement as a response. [3] Others call for an increase in social programs to both prevent a help in a migration event and the re-evaluation of terms related to migration in policy-making bodies to ensure ethical treatment. Policy making bodies and inter-governmental agencies most affect the responses when an event catalyzes a migration response. [4] Regardless of the response most researchers can agree there is a need for more independent, quantitative studies to analyze these events and responses. [5] Augmented youth migration is most affected by the environment and it has been found that most young children will travel shorter distances if work is available rather than longer to arrive in an urban area. [6]

References 1.	Gray, Clark, and Richard Bilsborrow. "Environmental influences on human migration in rural Ecuador." Demography 50.4 (2013): 1217-1241. 2.	Thiede, Brian, Clark Gray, and Valerie Mueller. "Climate variability and inter-provincial migration in South America, 1970–2011." Global Environmental Change 41 (2016): 228-240. 3.	Correa, Elena. "Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disasters." Experience from Latin America. The World Bank and GFDRR. Washington DC (2011) 4.	Ferris, Elizabeth. "Climate-Induced Resettlement: Environmental Change and the Planned Relocation of Communities." SAIS Review of International Affairs 35, no. 1 (2015): 109-117. 5.	Correa, Elena. "Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disasters." Experience from Latin America. The World Bank and GFDRR. Washington DC (2011) 6.	Baez, Javier, German Caruso, Valerie Mueller, and Chiyu Niu. "Droughts augment youth migration in Northern Latin America and the Caribbean." Climatic Change 140, no. 3-4 (2017): 423-435. Japswep21 (talk) 17:51, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

Draft 2
Many peer reviewed articles analyzing migration in South America have found multiple types of linkages between climate change and its effect on migration.The effects and results vary based off of the type of climatic change, socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics of migrants and the distance and direction of the migration. Since most climate migration studies are done in the developed world, scientists have called for more quantitative research within the developing world, including South America. Migration in South America does not always increase as a result of increased environmental threats but is affected by factors such as climate variability and land suitability. These migrations happen either gradually or suddenly but are typically directed from rural to urban areas. Inter-provincial migration is shown to be not be as heavily influenced by environmental changes whereas migration outside of the home country is heavily influenced by environmental changes. The results of a climactic event catalyzing migration change depending on the onset of the event however climate change related events such as drought and hurricanes augment or increase youth migration. Youth are more likely to migrate as a response to climate related events. As a result children who have been displaced are found to travel shorter distances to find work in rural destinations versus further to an urban area. Researchers suggest a review of the terms that define who is an environmental migrant since policy making bodies and intergovernmental agencies most affect responses when an environmental event causes people to migrate. Because of the increase in interest in this topic in the past decade some people call for a measure called preventive resettlement. The cases in which preventive resettlement appear appropriate is typically discerned by local and governmental bodies. Others call for an increase in social programs to both prevent and help in a migration event. Japswep21 (talk) 20:10, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Topic 2 Rough Draft 1
TO BE REVIEWED by Dr. Haenn

''Hi Jessica, This looks like a great topic. I can see you have not yet pulled it together. Do you need help? A few thoughts on what I saw. The paragraph says global governance organizations play a role in climigration, but the example of this reports information from the United States only. I am not sure whether the U.S. recognizes climate migration for asylum purposes. I know the U.S. does recognize that natural disasters can make it unfeasible that people in the United States return to their home countries. Thus, the U.S. will extend the expiration of people's U.S. visas and allow them to stay longer in the United States (there was recent reporting on the U.S. doing this for Honduras and Nicaragua).''

''This suggests two avenues of development for this paragraph One might be a description of the global framework for addressing climigration. Another might be a description of U.S. immigration policies associated with natural disasters. What is the information gap on Wikipedia in this area?''

Regards, Dr. Haenn

Topic: Politics regarding climate change migration

In the event of a climactic event that catalyses a migration, Global governance institutions (such as The International organization for Migration and the UN) as well as local and federal governments are are among the first to respond. For example, people migrating from Mexico to the US are subject to United States law the moment they set foot on American soil. People from certain countries get asylum and some do not. Who is viewed as a environmental migrant is up to these governing bodies. Some researchers suggest a review of the terms that qualify an individual to be an environmental migrant. Some agencies that aid in response to disasters are…. Some these are the types of aid that are typically employed are… for example…. (need to add citations, changing out a couple articles for better ones)

Topic 2 Final Draft
Intervention by intergovernmental organizations and policy makers into migration events depends on factors such as security concerns, political obligations and alliances and human rights. Some of the organizations that would be big players in an environmental crisis are the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the World Bank, the Red Cross, the World Health Organization and Amnesty International. The topic of environmental crisis and migration has been popular for decades among intergovernmental bodies such as in the 1992 U.N Framework Convention on Climate Change and most recently the 2017 U.N Climate Change Conference, and is often framed in terms of security and human rights concerns. Climate change currently remains an indirect security threat according to the U.N Security Council.

A climate event inducing migration is often framed in terms of lack of resources or ineffective adaptation response. These migration events are typically within underdeveloped areas within the country in which it occurred. The socioeconomic status of a country is often taken in terms to highlight response gaps. Despite the political reasons, human migration as a result of changes in the climate is seen as an inevitable security concern, reinforcing the need for policies and programs to mitigate the future risk. The U.N High Commissioner for Refugees currently outlines that climate or environmental factors do not enter the realm of “refugee” status. The politics surrounding who is and who is not a “climate refugee” often muddle real time response. In turn, those who would identify under that category are often never recognized due to a lack of clarity of who is in charge of collecting that data. Researchers such as Himani Upadhyay suggest further development into mixed methods research following migration events since they are inherently context and subject specific

Topic 3 First Draft
''Hi, This looks like material covered in your earlier posts. Do you have new information? Regards, Dr. Haenn''

To be under the migration heading on the climate change adaptation page

Migration is an adaptive response for long term or sudden environmental changes. Since migration events are typically intraprovincial, researchers and policy experts push for better internal policies regarding immigration. Increasingly, migration is becoming more popular among other adaptive responses. (1) Factors that often catalyze a decision to migration are many, such as vulnerability, resource management, onset of events or socioeconomic reasons. (2)

Hugo,G.J.(2010).Climate change induced mobility and the existing migration regime in Asia and thePacific.In J.McAdam (Ed.),Climate  change and displacement:multidisciplinary  perspectives(Chapter 2).Oxford:Hart Publishing Douglas K. Bardsley, & Graeme J. Hugo. (2010). Migration and climate change: Examining thresholds of change to guide effective adaptation decision-making. Population and Environment, 32(2/3), 238-262. doi:10.1007/s11111-010-0126-9

Final Drafts of all entries
Topic 1

Research in South America uses case studies of natural disasters to posit linkages between climate change and migration. Climate variability and land suitability can also affect migration as environmental threats, but research tends to focus on natural disasters when people are regularly forced move. Where, when, and whether they move is affected by socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics. Migrations happen gradually or suddenly but typically flow from rural to urban areas. Environmental changes heavily influence migration outside the home country, whereas inter-provincial migration less so. Events such as drought and hurricanes have particular effects on youth migration. Youth are more likely to migrate as a response to climate related events. While most migration is rural-to-urban, research finds children frequently travels to find closer economic opportunities in rural destinations. Since policy making bodies like local governments and global governance institutions most affect responses in a migration event researchers, such as Elena Correa suggest reviewing terms that define who is an environmental migrant. Peoples who are displaced who do not fit the exact terms of who is an environmental refugee are essential unaccounted for. The cases in which preventive resettlement appear appropriate is typically discerned by local and governmental bodies. Other scholars call for an increase in social programs to both prevent and help in a migration event. Because of the increased projection of displaced peoples as a result of climate change, and the interest in this topic in the past decade some researchers call for a measure called preventive resettlement. Since most climate migration studies take place in the developed world, scientists call for more quantitative research within the developing world including South America.

Topic 2

Intervention by intergovernmental organizations and policy makers into migration events depends on factors such as security concerns, political obligations and alliances and human rights. Some of the organizations that would be big players in an environmental crisis are the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the World Bank, the Red Cross, the World Health Organization and Amnesty International. The topic of environmental crisis and migration has been popular for decades among intergovernmental bodies such as in the 1992 U.N Framework Convention on Climate Change and most recently the 2017 U.N Climate Change Conference, and is often framed in terms of security and human rights concerns. Climate Change currently remains an indirect security threat according to The U.N Security Council.

The U.N High Commissioner for Refugees currently outlines that climate or environmental factors do not enter the realm of “refugee” status. The politics surrounding who is and who is not a “climate refugee” often muddle real time response. In turn, those who would identify under that category are virtually never recognized due to a lack of clarity of who is in charge of collecting that data. Researchers suggest further development into mixed methods research following migration events since they are inherently context and subject specific A climate event inducing migration is often framed in terms of lack of resources or ineffective adaptation response. These migration events are typically within underdeveloped areas within the country in which it occurred. Socioeconomic status of country is often taken in terms to highlight response gaps. Despite the political reasons, human migration as a result of changes in the climate is an inevitable concern, reinforcing the need for policies and programs to mitigate the future risk.

Topic 3

The rhetoric of Migration being related to Climate Change is complex and disputed. However, It is widely accepted that the results of migration events are multi-causal, with the environment being just a factor amongst many. Outside of policy, human rights organizations, expert demographers and environmental climate scientists dominate this debate. Many discussions are based on projections and less with current migration data. While many migration events can be attributed to sudden environmental change, most migration events are a result of long term environmental changes and do not cause sudden migration. Some scholars attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters. Some choose to label it “climate change”, which reflects a more long term onset of change, and the human impact element. It is helpful to provide an intersectional approach to this discussion and understand that focusing on Climate Change as the issue frames the debate in terms of projections, causing the research to be speculative. Migration as tool for climate change adaptation is projected to be a more pressing issue in the decade to come. It is often framed in terms of human rights issues and national security. Migration events are often seen as a failure of the governments or policy making bodies that could not contain or effectively manage environmental changes. For example, extreme drought events in the Caribbean proliferate movement of peoples because of the lack of water. This is often seen as a failure on the local governments to provide structural and independent resources. These adaptation failures that have been the topic of concern for many scholars researching this area. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees has been viewed as one of the highest authorities and moral right and resources to help those displaced. Japswep21 (talk) 15:28, 12 December 2017 (UTC)