User:Jasmineburke/Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti, from the genus Rhizobium, are aerobic, Gram-negative, and diazotrophic bacteria. S. meliloti fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for their legume symbionts, such as alfalfa. S. meliloti forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes from the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella. This symbiosis promotes the development of a plant organ, termed a root nodule. S. meliloti are motile and possess a cluster of peritrichous flagella.

Contents

 * 1Symbiosis
 * 2Agricultural Importance
 * 3Genome
 * 4Bacteriophage
 * 5References
 * 6External links
 * 7Further reading

Symbiosis[edit]
Symbiosis between S. meliloti and its legume hosts begins when the plant secretes an array of betaines and flavonoids into the rhizosphere: 4,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxychalcone, chrysoeriol, cynaroside, 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6′′-O-malonylononin, liquiritigenin, luteolin, 3′,5-dimethoxyluteolin, 5-methoxyluteolin, medicarpin, stachydrine, and trigonelline. These compounds attract S. meliloti to the surface of the root hairs of the plant where the bacteria attach and begin secreting nod factors. This initiates root hair curling. The rhizobia then penetrate the root hairs and proliferate to form an infection thread. Through the infection thread, the bacteria move toward the main root. The bacteria develop into bacteroids within newly formed root nodules and perform nitrogen fixation for the plant. A S. meliloti bacterium does not perform nitrogen fixation until it differentiates into a endosymbiotic bacteroid. A bacteroid depends on the plant for survival.

Leghemoglobin, produced by leguminous plants after colonization of S. meliloti, interacts with the free oxygen in the root nodule where the rhizobia reside. Rhizobia are contained within symbiosomes in the root nodules of leguminous plants. The leghemoglobin reduces the amount of free oxygen present. Oxygen disrupts the function of the nitrogenase enzyme in the rhizobia, which is responsible for nitrogen fixation.

Agricultural Importance
Fixed nitrogen is essential for plant growth. Soil often contains a limited amount of nitrogen for plant use. The symbiotic relationship of legumes and rhizobia provides a source of nitrogen for the plants. This allows for increased crop production, which is especially important for the increasing population. A currently existing agricultural technique is crop rotation. Planting legumes provides soil with nitrogen, in the form of ammonia. Thus, leguminous plants can be alternated with crops that do not have the ability to fix nitrogen, but require it for growth such as cereals. Legumes may also be grown simultaneously with other crops as well. Soil often does not contain the appropriate species or sufficient quantity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for functional symbiosis to occur. Consequently, the plants are often inoculated with viable, nitrogen-fixing bacteria upon planting.

An estimated 80% of biologically-fixed nitrogen is a result of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. The use of nitrogen-fixing legumes in agriculture reduces the need for inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers. Production and use of inorganic nitrogen is a potential source of environmental pollution.

Genome
The S. meliloti genome contains four genes coding for flagellin. These include fliC1C2–fliC3C4. The genome contains three replicons: a chromosome (~3.7 megabases), a chromid (pSymB; ~1.7 megabases), and a plasmid (pSymA; ~1.4 megabases). Individual strains may possess additional, accessory plasmids. Five S. meliloti genomes have been sequenced to date: Rm1021, AK83, BL225C, Rm41, and SM11 with 1021 considered to be the wild type. Indeterminate nodule symbiosis by S. meliloti is conferred by genes residing on pSymA.

Bacteriophage[edit]
Plaques in S. meliloti caused by ΦM12.

Several bacteriophages that infect Sinorhizobium meliloti have been described: Φ1, Φ1A, Φ2A, Φ3A, Φ4 (=ΦNM8), Φ5t (=ΦNM3), Φ6 (=ΦNM4), Φ7 (=ΦNM9), Φ7a, Φ9 (=ΦCM2), Φ11 (=ΦCM9), Φ12 (=ΦCM6), Φ13, Φ16, Φ16-3, Φ16a, Φ16B, Φ27, Φ32, Φ36, Φ38, Φ43, Φ70, Φ72, Φ111, Φ143, Φ145, Φ147, Φ151, Φ152, Φ160, Φ161, Φ166, Φ2011, ΦA3, ΦA8, ΦA161, ΦAL1, ΦCM1, ΦCM3, ΦCM4, ΦCM5, ΦCM7, ΦCM8, ΦCM20, ΦCM21, ΦDF2, Φf2D, ΦF4, ΦFAR, ΦFM1, ΦK1, ΦL1, ΦL3, ΦL5, ΦL7, ΦL10, ΦL20, ΦL21, ΦL29, ΦL31, ΦL32, ΦL53, ΦL54, ΦL55, ΦL56, ΦL57, ΦL60, ΦL61, ΦL62, ΦLO0, ΦLS5B, ΦM1, ΦM1, ΦM1-5, ΦM2, ΦM3, ΦM4, ΦM5,  ΦM5 (=ΦF20), ΦM5N1, ΦM6, ΦM7, ΦM8, ΦM9, ΦM10, ΦM11, ΦM11S, ΦM12, ΦM14, ΦM14S, ΦM19, ΦM20S, ΦM23S, ΦM26S, ΦM27S, ΦMl, ΦMM1C, ΦMM1H, ΦMP1, ΦMP2, ΦMP3, ΦMP4, ΦN2, ΦN3, ΦN4, ΦN9, ΦNM1, ΦNM2, ΦNM6, ΦNM7, ΦP6, ΦP10, ΦP33, ΦP45, ΦPBC5, ΦRm108, ΦRmp26, ΦRmp36, ΦRmp38, ΦRmp46, ΦRmp50, ΦRmp52, ΦRmp61, ΦRmp64, ΦRmp67, ΦRmp79, ΦRmp80, ΦRmp85, ΦRmp86, ΦRmp88, ΦRmp90, ΦRmp145, ΦSP, ΦSSSS304, ΦSSSS305, ΦSSSS307, ΦSSSS308, and ΦT1. Of these, ΦM5, ΦM12, Φ16-3 and ΦPBC5 have been sequenced.

As of March 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has accepted the following species in its Master Species List 2019.v1 (#35):


 * Realm: Duplodnaviria, Kingdom: Heunggongvirae, Phylum: Uroviricota


 * Order: Caudovirales, Family: Myoviridae, Genus: Emdodecavirus (formerly M12virus)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus M7 (alias ΦM7)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus M12 (alias DNA phage ΦM12, type species)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus N3 (alias ΦN3)