User:JasonCharbonneau/sandbox

Article Evaluation
Article title: Titanium

Characteristics, compounds, history, production/fabrication, applications, bio-remediation, and precautions are all related and necessary information to have about Titanium on the Titanium Wikipedia page

The page is not trying to sell me Titanium or propose Titanium is owned, supporting a neutral environment.

The sources are in working order, and appear to be from reliable journal publishers, including CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Springer, and Pure and Applied chemistry.

The subtopic of bio-remediation is lacking information and only contains a sentence. Information could be added to this section of Titanium to boost the accuracy of the page. Also some subsections of "Compounds" are underdeveloped.

The conversations on the Talk page of Titanium contain questionable content and some good editing with explanations attached. When a reference or external linked is changed it is noted. The talk page allows for information on the listed article level and if it is a featured article in the Wikipedia community. The Titanium page is listed as a level-4 vital article in Science, Physics and rated as FA-Class.

One way I have noticed a major difference in Wikipedia discussion and in class is the neutrality. In class is filled will real life examples and experiences that could potentially conflict with the articles apparent neutrality if they were added. Examples in class give a different aspect of teaching, while Wikipedia gives you a basic starting platform on a subject.

Titanium page edit

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a member of a family of refractory transition metal nitrides and exhibits properties similar to both covalent compounds including; thermodynamic stability, extreme hardness, thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point.

Article Topic
Groundwater

User:Alexjkennedy

Comments from Sarah Just be aware that there is a page dedicated to groundwater pollution: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_pollution

The regulations sections of Groundwater is underdeveloped and concentrates on United states regulations and examples. Using groundwater sources we can contribute Canadian and Indian regulations and examples to the section to add a more diverse aspect to the section. We can also include a subsection under Regulations to include Ground Water in International Law, to include binding and non-binding treaties countries have made with each other over groundwater. This again will make the section more diverse regarding the different regulations and laws countries have regarding groundwater. Secondly under Pollution, the subsection "New method of identifying substances that are hazardous to health' is vastly underdeveloped. This section could be combined with pollution for a new section that includes; general pollution sources, parameters, pollution monitoring, and the act of groundwater quality control. Section below is the regulation section taken from the groundwater article.
 * 1) Rutherford, S. (2004). Groundwater use in Canada. West Coast Environmental Law.
 * 2) Mahar, P. S., & Datta, B. (2001). Optimal identification of ground-water pollution sources and parameter estimation. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 127(1), 20-29.
 * 3) Suhag, R. (2016). Overview of Groundwater in India. PRS India. http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1455682937Overview%20of%20Ground%20Water%20in%20India.pdf
 * 4) Burchi, S., & Mechlem, K. (2005). Groundwater in International Law: Compilation of treaties and other legal instruments. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/groundwaterFao86.pdf

United States
In the United States, laws regarding ownership and use of groundwater are generally state laws; however, regulation of groundwater to minimize pollution of groundwater is by both states and the federal-level Environmental Protection Agency. Ownership and use rights to groundwater typically follow one of three main systems: Other rules in the United States include:
 * The Rule of Capture provides each landowner the ability to capture as much groundwater as they can put to a beneficial use, but they are not guaranteed any set amount of water. As a result, well-owners are not liable to other landowners for taking water from beneath their land. State laws or regulations will often define "beneficial use", and sometimes place other limits, such as disallowing groundwater extraction which causes subsidence on neighboring property.
 * Limited private ownership rights similar to riparian rights in a surface stream. The amount of groundwater right is based on the size of the surface area where each landowner gets a corresponding amount of the available water. Once adjudicated, the maximum amount of the water right is set, but the right can be decreased if the total amount of available water decreases as is likely during a drought. Landowners may sue others for encroaching upon their groundwater rights, and water pumped for use on the overlying land takes preference over water pumped for use off the land.
 * In November 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency published the groundwater Rule in the United States Federal Register. The EPA was worried that the groundwater system would be vulnerable to contamination from fecal matter. The point of the rule was to keep microbial pathogens out of public water sources. The 2006 groundwater Rule was an amendment of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act.
 * Reasonable Use Rule (American Rule): This rule does not guarantee the landowner a set amount of water, but allows unlimited extraction as long as the result does not unreasonably damage other wells or the aquifer system. Usually this rule gives great weight to historical uses and prevents new uses that interfere with the prior use.
 * Groundwater scrutiny upon real estate property transactions in the US: In the US, upon commercial real estate property transactions both groundwater and soil are the subjects of scrutiny. For brownfields sites (formerly contaminated sites that have been remediated), Phase I Environmental Site Assessments are typically prepared, to investigate and disclose potential pollution issues. In the San Fernando Valley of California, real estate contracts for property transfer below the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) and eastward have clauses releasing the seller from liability for groundwater contamination consequences from existing or future pollution of the Valley Aquifer.

India
In India, groundwater regulation is controlled and maintained by the central government and four organizations; 1) Central Water Commission, 2) Central Ground Water, 3) Central Ground Water Authority, 4) Central Pollution Control Board.

Laws and Regulations regarding India's Groundwater:
 * In 2011, the Indian Government created a Model Bill for Groundwater Management; this model selects which state governments can enforce their laws on groundwater usage and regulation.
 * The Indian Government created a National Water Framework Bill in 2013. This bill ensures that India's groundwater is a public resource, and is not to be exploited by companies through privatization of water. The National Water Framework Bill allows for everyone to access clean drinking water, of the right to clean drinking water under Article 21 of 'Right to Life' in India's Constitution. The bill indicates a want for the states of India to have full control of groundwater contained in aquifers. So far Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Telangana, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli are the only ones using this bill.
 * Section 7(g) of the Easement Act, 1882 states that every landowner has the right to collect within his limits, all water under the land and on its surface which does not pass in a defined channel.


 * The 1882 Easement Act gives landowners priority over surface and groundwater that is on their land and allows them to give or take as much as they want as long as the water is on their land. This act prevents the government from enforcing regulations of groundwater, allowing many landowners to privatize their groundwater instead accessing it in community areas.

Canada
A significant portion of Canada’s population relies on the use of ground water. In Canada, roughly 8.9 million people or 30% of Canada’s population, rely on groundwater for domestic use and approximately two thirds of these users live in rural areas.
 * Under the Constitution Act, 1867 does not give authority over groundwater to either order of Canadian government, therefore, the matter largely falls under provincial jurisdiction.


 * Federal and Provincial government can share responsibilities when dealing with agriculture, health, inter-provincial waters and national water-related issues.


 * Federal jurisdiction in areas as boundary/trans-boundary waters, fisheries, navigation, and water on federal lands, First Nations reserves and in Territories.


 * Federal jurisdiction over groundwater when aquifers cross inter-provincial or international boundaries.

A large federal government groundwater initiative, is the development of the multi-barrier approach. The multi-barrier approach is a system of processes to prevent the deterioration of drinking water from the source. The multi-barrier consists of three key elements:
 * Source water protection;


 * Drinking water treatment; and


 * Drinking water distribution systems.