User:Jasoncoppick/sandbox

11/10 Shannon's comments

Your first paragraph describes DNA a lot and has a couple of sentences about GMOs - you need to focus more on GMOs and less on DNA. Yes you need to know what DNA is to understand GMOs but you should explain a little more about GMOs- there is a whole screening process to building GMOs and testing their expression that you missed - also viral vectors are one way of generating GMOs but not the only way.

The second two paragraphs you did not use news articles or scientific articles, plus the articles that you did use you did not read very carefully or you did not understand. The first article does not mention GMOs anywhere it talks about a scientist making a synthetic yeast chromosome to try and learn what genes could be tweaked in the future to build GMOs that would improve the alcohol content, or flavor of beer. While this is neat it falls outside of the scope of the assignment - which was to discuss a way that GMOs have been used to discover or create something new. The second article spoke briefly about how the bacterium E. coli was transformed to express chymosin to produce vegetarian rennet for cheese making but the rest of the article discusses whether vegetarians would have a problem with this. The article also mentions many other ways that GMOs have been used. If you want to continue with this example that is fine but you will need to find the original article discussion the creation of the GMO E. coli that contained the chymosin gene from 1991 (I bet the article you tried to use cites it as a source).

- Hi Jason, I read your contribution and it seems to me like you have some good content. However, there are some areas where I believe you could add more information to help me or other readers fully comprehend what you are writing about. For instance, when talking about beer, how does yeast give beer its alcoholic content? How exactly does the yeast add flavor to beer? In what way is it going to be genetically modified? Maybe elaborating on that will help.

I also saw a few grammatical errors like missing words ((Paragraph two, first sentence," Yeast is used in beer to give it it's alcoholic content, also to add flavor to (the) beer.)) add the

Missing punctuations (Paragraph one "In bacterial modification" there should be a comma))

One instance of doubled words ( paragraph three. "an enzyme an enzyme.")

I also suggest maybe rewording a few sentences because they are very repetitive. For instance, in your first paragraph many sentences start with "DNA is", "DNA dictates", and "DNA contains." Looking at the second and third paragraphs it's the same way. Maybe try finding new ways to write your sentences so it doesn't seem so repetitive. Hope this was helpful.

9/13 Article evaluation I am evaluating a wikipedia article on ... I thought the article was..

10/10 Planning what I am going to add to the Genetically modified bacteria article.
I am planning to talk more about how bacteria for insulin has been genetically modified. There is only a couple sentences in the article about it. Here is a couple reliable sources I have found that talk about the use of ecoli for generating insulin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203937/ https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/10/30/genetic-engineering-came-age-worlds-first-gmo-ge-insulin-approved-35-years-ago/ and https://www.acsh.org/news/2017/08/29/40-years-ago-gmo-insulin-was-controversial-also-11757 I am planning on addressing how the discovery was made, what was the method for getting insulin before this, and how the process works.

How genetically modified bacteria works?
Every organism has DNA, from humans down to bacteria. A gene is a small piece of that DNA. DNA is found in cells and produces proteins designed for a specific task within the organism. DNA contains the genetic information for making these proteins. DNA dictates what the organism will grow into and controls everything about an organism, from disease resistance to something as simple as nail growth. Genetic modification is the alteration, deletion, or addition of a gene for a certain outcome. The first step in genetically modifying a bacteria is finding out which chromosome contains the desired gene. Then scientists often study the gene they would like to alter and will be looking at the characteristics of the gene and how to gene reacts to different factors. In bacterial modification this works by inserting a certain gene into a virus and having the virus infect the bacteria. The bacteria takes on the new gene and passes it on through prokaryotic reproduction and the offspring will also have the new gene. Eventually the original gene of the form will become obsolete or non existent because the more favorable gene will out last the other and eventually will fill the gap the other left.

In beer.
Yeast is used in beer to give it it's alcoholic content, also to add flavor to beer. Yeast adds over 500 tastes and aromas to beer. Yeast is being genetically modified to make the alcoholic content higher, make flavors stronger, and to make more robust flavors. There are limits to the changes brewers can make to bacteria, currently the only changes they can make are chopping out chunks of a bacteria's DNA or encouraging the bacteria to create more of a gene the brewer favors. The overall goal of the brewing community is to be able to one day control the entire genome if a bacteria. This would allow them to make more minor tweaks to the bacteria's genes.

In cheese.
Chymosin is an enzyme is an enzyme found in a calf's stomach. This helps the calf break down the milk to digest. Chymosin is necessary in order to make cheese. It turns the milk into cheese. Scientists have found a way to alter yeast to grow Chymosin enzymes for making cheese. This process is much more efficient because previously calves had to be slaughtered in order to extract the Chymosin from the inner lining of the stomach. Also this offers a vegetarian friendly way to make cheese.

My cited sources might being a little weird so here they are incase the ones I inserting aren't working properly Beck, Kevin. “Genetic Modification: Definition, Types, Process, Examples.” Sciencing, Leaf Group Media, 15 Aug. 2019, sciencing.com/genetic-modification-definition-types-process-examples-13718448.html.

Herkewitz, William. “Better Beer from Genetically Engineered Yeast.” Popular Mechanics, Hearst Magazine Media, 15 Feb. 2018, www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a10911/better-beer-from-genetically-engineered-yeast-16992861/.

Bonham, Kevin. “Do GMO Opponents Have a Problem with Cheese?” Scientific American Blog Network, Scientific American, 9 June 2014, blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/do-gmo-opponents-have-a-problem-with-cheese/.