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The Role of Climate Change on the migration of Fulani Herdsmen
Africa countries have been affected the most by climate change globally. This notion has contributed to the migration of Fulani Herdsmen from the North towards southwest Nigeria. As observed from a "Push and pull" model, desertification, landslides, droughts, pollution, sand storms, and diseases that have all transpired from climatic changes have led Fulani Herdsmen to leave their communities. This is mostly due to droughts which timespans have persisted longer than anticipated, such as the evaporation of Lake Chad. Moreover, diseases have developed from climatic conditions and is killing the animals of these herdsmen. Thus, many Fulani's, also known as "the Bororos", are inclined to migrate south where there is improved vegetation, weather conditions, market opportunities, and hopefulness.

Fulani pastoralist and colonial taxation
There are two types of pastoral Fulani (nomadic and semi-nomadic). Pastorial Fulani had migrated to Northern Nigeria or Hausaland over the course of 5 to 7 centuries. They immigrated from the Western Sudan as they had were occupying the Senegambia valley. At first, they were not viewed as economic competition and migrated as a family unit. The nuclear family was comprised of a man (who was considered the head), to follow him was his married wife or in some cases wives,  and lastly they would have their children with them. Most families would migrate with clans, which was an entire village unit. They were led by a chief or ardo. When the clan migrated to new regions to graze, the ardo would enter negotiations with the local leaders of that region to gain permission for their cattle to graze.

Once Nigeria was colonized by the British, the Fulani pastoralist were affected by this as the British had all of the pastoralists within a district, which comprised of a village or group of villages under the unit of administration and taxation. An ardo was assigned to each district to give assitance to the person in charge of the village with tax collection. From all of the revnue collected, the ardo would receive 5 percent of it. The role of the ardo in this instance would offend many Fulani pastoralist as the people normally selected this position, not forcefully placed. Having a district head and an ardo confused the pastoralists as majority of the time they were not able to discern who was the tax collecter. Thus, the role of the ardo became less clear for many. Over time the Fulani pastorialists rejected this practice of jangali as they perceived it to be inequitable which led them to commit acts of tax evasion.

Herder-Farmers conflicts
Since the Fourth Nigerian Republic’s founding in 1999, farmer-herder violence has killed thousands of people and displaced tens of thousands more. Insecurity and violence have led many populations to create self-defence forces and ethnic militias, which have engaged in further violence. The majority of farmer-herder clashes have occurred between Muslim Fulani herdsmen and Christian peasants, exacerbating ethnoreligious hostilities. This violence stems from the relationship between the Bororo Fulani and the Yoruba farmers. Prior to this, the Fulani people had migrated into the southwestern Nigeria region centuries ago. In fact, in the 18th century, three different groups of Fulani had migrated to the city of Iseyin. These groups consisted of the Bangu, Sokoto, and Bororo Fulani. Out of these three groups, the Bororo Fulani in particular were the group to separate themselves from the Yoruba farmers. Meanwhile, the Bangu and Sokoto had developed a working relationship with the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Through this bond, they profited off of each other from the by products of their cattle and agriculture. The Fulani people would trade any commodities they extracted from their cattle to the Yoruba's for their crops. However, the migration of the Bororo Fulani shifted this relationship as they were perceived to be more aggressive than the settled Fulani. This difference was further exacerbated as they did not speak the native Yoruba language unlike the settled Fulani people who did. As the Bororo Fulani Pastoralists integrated into this region, their cattle started damaging Yoruba farmers' crops and plants. This led to friction to become quite common among these two groups. One case that can be observed was when additional wreckage was pressed into farmers in the city of Iseyin after a group of Bororo Fulani were exiled from the city of Oyo and migrated there in 1998. Another conflict the Bororo Fulani have been involved with was in 1804 when the Fulani had a Holy War between those who identified as Muslim and resonated with the Hausas and those that were still associated with the Pagan tribes. The war took place in the northern region of Nigeria. This war led to a dichotomy of two groups of the Fulani. One group amalgamated with the Hausa people and are essentially integrated as Hausas while holding positions of wealth and power. The other group kept their pastoral ways intact and did not intermesh with any other tribes. This is what eventually became the Bororo Fulani which means the Bush or Cow Fulani.

Currently, the conflict between Fulani herders and other Nigerian farmers have intensified. From 2011 to 2016, roughly 2,000 people have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced. This is partly due to the rise of jihadist groups, such as Boko Haram. Their presence has jeopardized many herders and farmers that graze in Northern Nigeria. The government has made little efforts to intervene and create schemes to alleviate this conflict. Hence, herders and farmers take it upon themselves to solve the conflicts existing within the community which invigorates conflict. (Editing)

Abet Fulani Herders
The Abet, also known as the Kachichere, are another subgroup of the Fulani. They live in the Abet region of Nigeria after they migrated their in the 18th century. They live in a region for approximately 3 to 5 years before moving another few kilometers within the Abet. Once they establish a homestead, their herds graze within a 3 mile radius. The reason they prefer to graze in the Abet is due to the favorable conditions it holds for their cattle. This stems from the dry season coinciding with the peak of cow fertility and the production of milk. Furthermore, it is easier to herd animals in these open land spaces rather than in condense areas replete of bushes. For land rights in this region, Fulani families may be given rights to parts of the land through customary structures. Thus, land is distributed from Chiefs or those in charge of the villages that these fields reside in.

Conflict in the Abet
There has also be conflict in this region as well. The issues that develop are not between the settled Fulani and the migrating ones, but between the different ethnic groups. Usually, Fulani herders are Muslim while the farmers are Christians. Tension is exasperated from the conflict that exists between Muslim Hausa and Christian ethnic groups. This led to many Fulani to flee the Abet region during the 1990s to escape the bloodshed that was occurring.

Conflict over natural resources
Another conflict has been between the natural resources in the region. This issue precipitates from Fulani herders encroaching on crops that are being actively farmed. Herders have accused farmers of purposely planting crops in areas that were reserved for herding to initiate conflict. The Nigerian government invigorates this conflict from adding grazing reserves. These reserves anger indigenous farmers as they claim they are not being given the land they were initially promised. However, this conflict was dissipated when the government decided to shift the grazing reserve borders up north towards the Abet region. The government’s involvement has promoted dialogue of policymakers needing to have a better understanding of the agreements in place between indigenous farmers and Fulani herders before placing grazing reserves.