User:Jayanbuedu/Venetian Ghetto

The Venetian Ghetto was the area of Venice in which Jews were compelled to live by the government of the Venetian Republic. The English word ghetto is derived from the Jewish ghetto in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was instituted on 29 March 1516. It was not the first time that Jews in Venice were compelled to live in a segregated area of the city. In 1552 Venice had 160,000 inhabitants, including 900 Jews, who were mainly merchants. The residents were quite ethnically diverse and spoke several languages.

In 1797 the French Army of Italy, commanded by the 28-year-old General Napoleon Bonaparte, occupied Venice, forced the Venetian Republic to dissolve itself on 12 May 1797, and ended the ghetto's separation from the city on 11 July 1797. In the 19th century, the ghetto was renamed the Contrada dell'unione.

Etymology


The origins of the name ghetto (ghèto in the Venetian tongue) are disputed. The following theories have been proposed:


 * ghetto comes from "giotto" or "geto", meaning "foundry", since the first Jewish quarter was near a foundry that once made canons.
 * ghetto formerly meant "street" (like German Gasse, Swedish gata, and Gothic gatwo)
 * ghetto, from Italian getto, which is the act of, or the resulting object from, pouring molted metal into a mold, as old state foundries existed in this city quarter
 * ghetto comes from borghetto, diminutive of borgo, meaning "little town"
 * ghetto is related to the Hebrew word get, meaning a divorce document.

The Oxford University Press etymologist Anatoly Liberman suggested in 2009 that all four theories are speculative, but the first is by far the likeliest to be true.

Donatella Calabi, faculty member of IUAV University Venice, Architecture, Construction and Conservation, argued in the documentary Venice and the Ghetto (2017, Klaus T. Steindl) that ghetto comes from the Italian word gettare [dʒet·ˈta:·re] which means "throw away", because the area was before then a waste dump for foundries. The first Jewish arrivals were German and they pronounced the word [ˈɡɛto] - the spelling followed ("h" after "g" changes [dʒ] to [ˈɡ]). The same opinion was published in her book ''Venezia e il ghetto. Cinquecento anni del "recinto deli ebrei"''. Likewise, the author of Ghetto: The History of a Word, Daniel B. Schwartz, argues that the term ghetto did not emerge as a result of Jewish resident segregation, but rather, that the word is a relic of a history that preceded the arrival of the Jewish residents. Schwartz states that the strongest argument in support of this is how the original area to which Jews were restricted was called the Ghetto Nuovo, and not the Ghetto Vecchio. "Were it otherwise, one would expect that the first site of the Jewish enclosure would have been known as the 'Old Ghetto' and the subsequent addition as the 'New Ghetto.'"

Location and geography
The Ghetto is an area of the Cannaregio sestiere of Venice, divided into the Ghetto Nuovo ("New Ghetto"), and the adjacent Ghetto Vecchio ("Old Ghetto"). These names of the ghetto sections are misleading, as they refer to an older and newer site at the time of their use by the foundries: in terms of Jewish residence, the Ghetto Nuovo is actually older than the Ghetto Vecchio. The ghetto was connected to the rest of the city by two bridges that were only open during the day. Gates were opened in the morning at the ringing of the marangona, the largest bell in St. Mark's Campanile, and locked in the evening.

Culture


Though it was home to a large number of Jews, the population living in the Venetian Ghetto never assimilated to form a distinct, "Venetian Jewish" ethnicity. Four of the five synagogues were clearly divided according to ethnic identity: separate synagogues existed for the German (the Scuola Grande Tedesca), Italian (the Scuola Italiana), Spanish and Portuguese (the Scuola Spagnola), and Levantine Sephardi communities (the Scuola Levantina). The fifth, the Scuola Canton, was possibly built as a private synagogue and also served the Venetian Ashkenazi community. Today, there are also other populations of Ashkenazic Jews in Venice, mainly Lubavitchers who operate a kosher food store, a yeshiva, and a Chabad synagogue.

Languages historically spoken in the confines of the Ghetto include Venetian, Italian, Judeo-Spanish, French, and German. In addition, Hebrew was traditionally (and still is) used on signage, inscriptions, and for official purposes such as wedding contracts (as well as, of course, in religious services). Today, English is widely used in the shops and the Museum because of the large number of English-speaking tourists.

1300s
Many Jews had come in and out of Venice long before the existence of the Ghetto. However, during this period of time, Jews were never allowed to settle as a group in the city and existed as individual entities.

1400-1500s
The area that was to become the area of segregation for Jews was originally a dumping place for material such as cannon balls and other various waste was disposed of. By the 14th century, the land was used by lower-class workers such as artisans and other similar types of craftsmen. It was in 1516 when the Venetian Council decided to set aside the land to be used as a way to segregate the Jews from the rest of Venice. The Jews that were contained in the Ghetto included a mix of individuals of German, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese descent.

Permanent, round-the-clock surveillance of the gates occurred at the Jewish residents' expense. Residents of this bound area were set aside and marked by yellow patches and berets that they were required to wear. Strict penalties were to be imposed on any Jewish resident caught outside after curfew. Areas of Ghetto Nuovo that were open to the canal were to be sealed off with walls, while outward facing quays were to be bricked over in order to make it impossible for unauthorized entry or exit. The Jewish residents of the area were an important part to Venetian economy at the time by being restricted to only a specific subset of occupations such as running pawn shops, trading currency, practicing medicine, and trading various goods.

Over time, synagogues and Jewish buildings would be built by the community such as the synagogue of Levantine Jews in 1538 and the Sinagoga Tedesca in 1528. Many of these buildings still exist today with their ornate decorations and details remaining relatively intact.

1600s-present time
The population by 1650 numbered approximately 4000 Jews and in 1797 the restrictions surround the ghetto were lifted, making the former residents of the Ghetto equal to any other Venetian resident.

By 1938, during World War II, very few Jews remained as many were taken to concentration camps and never returned. This resulted in the reduced Jewish population to this day, as there are still Jewish people who reside in this area.

Venetian Ghetto today






Today, the Ghetto is still a center of Jewish life in the city. The Jewish community of Venice, that counts about 450 people, is culturally active, although only a few members live in the Ghetto because the area has become expensive.

Every year, there is an international conference on Hebrew Studies, with particular reference to the history and culture of the Veneto. Other conferences, exhibitions and seminars are held throughout the course of the year.

The temples not only serve as places of worship but also provide lessons on the sacred texts and the Talmud for both children and adults, along with courses in Modern Hebrew, while other social facilities include a kindergarten, an old people's home, the kosher guest house Giardino dei Melograni, the kosher restaurant Hostaria del Ghetto, and a bakery. Along with its architectural and artistic monuments, the community also boasts a Museum of Jewish Art, the Renato Maestro Library and Archive and the new Info Point inside the Midrash Leon da Modena.

In the Ghetto area there is also a yeshiva, several Judaica shops, and a Chabad synagogue run by Chabad of Venice. Although only few of the roughly 500 Venetian Jews still live in the Ghetto, many return there during the day for religious services in the two synagogues which are still used (the other three are only used for guided tours, offered by the Jewish Community Museum).

Chabad of Venice also runs a pastry shop and a restaurant named "Gam Gam" in the Ghetto. Sabbath meals are served at the restaurant's outdoor tables along the Cannaregio Canal with views of the Guglie Bridge near the Grand Canal. In the novel Much Ado About Jesse Kaplan the restaurant is the site of a historical mystery. Every year for the festival of Sukkot a sukkah is built on a canal boat that tours the city, a large menorah tours the city on a canal boat during Hanukkah.

Notable residents
Notable residents of the Ghetto have included Leon of Modena, whose family originated in France, as well as his disciple Sara Copia Sullam. She was an accomplished writer, debater (through letters), and even hosted her own salon. Meir Magino, the famous glassmaker also came from the ghetto.

In fiction

 * Geraldine Brooks' 2008 novel People of the Book which traces the history of the Sarajevo Haggadah has a chapter with action taking place in 1609 in the Venetian Ghetto.
 * Sarah Dunant's novel In the Company of the Courtesan, written in 2006, has some scenes which take place in a Jewish pawnshop in the Ghetto
 * Susanna Clarke's 2004 novel Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell features a scene in the Ghetto.
 * Hugo Pratt's Fable of Venice. Corto Maltese, Book 8. Graphic Novel. IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1631409264
 * Rainer Maria Rilke: Eine Szene aus dem Ghetto. in: Rilke: Geschichten von lieben Gott. Insel, Leipzig 1931, Argon, Berlin 2006. (div. weitere Ausg.)  ISBN 3-86610-045-0
 * William Shakespeare's Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, including in adaptations and related work such as Arnold Wesker's play The Merchant (1978) and Mirjam Pressler's novel Shylocks Tochter.
 * The trilogy by Israel Zangwill:
 * Kinder des Ghetto. 1897. Cronbach, Berlin 1897, 1913 (German)
 * Träumer des Ghetto. 1898. Cronbach, Berlin 1908, 1922 (German)
 * Komödien des Ghetto. 1907. Cronbach, Berlin 1910 (German)
 * Daniel Silva: A Death in Vienna. 2004. Novel (features scenes in Cannaregio). ISBN 0399151435
 * Noah Gordon:The Jerusalem Diamond (1979) includes several chapters based in the ghetto of the 1500s.