User:Jayashreesj/sandbox

Earth is believed to have been born about 4.5 million years ago as solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the sun for perhaps 500 million years interior of earth stayed solid and relatively cool perhaps 2000 F evolution usually refers to the biological evolution of living things the origin of life cannot be dated as precisely but there is evidence that bacterium like organism lived on earth 3.5 million years ago. Earth is a planet of plants and animals the plant evolution resulted in widely varying level of complexity from the earliest algal mats thorough bryophytes, ferns to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today. Plants are essential to the balance of nature and are in the people’s lives they produce energy provide shelter for the living beings with the help of photosynthesis process totally they are ultimate source of food and they release oxygen for respiration. The herbal products today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetic are regarded as a safe to human and environment although herbs had been priced for their medical flavouring and aromatic qualities for centuries. However the blind dependence on a synthetic is over and people are returning to the natural with hope of safety and security. India is one of the world’s 12th biodiversity centre with the presence of over 45000 different plant species. Indias diversity is unmatched due to the presence of 16 different agro climatic zones, 10 vegetation zone, 25 biotic provinces and 426 biomes (habit of specific species) of this about 15000-20000 plants have good medicinal value. In India drugs of herbal origin have been in traditional system of medicine such as Unani and Ayurvedic since ancient times. The Ayurvedic system of medicine uses about 700 species, Unani 700, Siddha 600, Amchi 600 and modern medicine around 30 species. Drugs are derived either from the whole plant or from different organs like leaves, stem, root, bark, flowers and seeds. Some drugs are prepared from excretory plant products such as gums, resins and latexes even the allopathic system of medicine has adopted a number of plants derivative drugs which forms an important chemical intermediates needed for manufacturing the modern drugs are also obtained from plants. The forest in India is the principal repository of medicinal plants and aromatic plants which are largely collected as a raw material for the manufacture of drugs and perfumery products About 8000 herbal remedies have been codified in Ayurveda. Plants are natural blue print for the development of new drugs of phytomedicines to be used for the treatment of diseases. Traditional medicine using plant extract continue to provide health coverage, for over 80% of the plants are the richest source of drugs for traditional system of medicine, modern medicine nutraceuticals, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. The plants and the plant products medicine could be traced as for back as the beginning of human civilization. Naturally occuring substance are of plants, animals and mineral origin. They are organic substances and could be obtained in both primary and secondary metabolic process. The plant Kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the treatment of disease and they provided an important source of all the world’s pharmaceuticals. Medicinal plants are the source of many drugs of the modern world, many plants are cheaper and more accessible to most people especially in the developing countries that then orthodox medicine and they have low adverse effect. The plants are very rich in medicine as well as many other applications such as food preservation, disease management,  agriculture veterinary diseases control and the coating of house hold product. Plants are now occupying important place in allopathic medicine, herbal medicine, homeopathy and aroma therapy many of these indigenous medicine plants are used as a food plants Ethnobotanists, microbiology and they natural products chemistry are combining the earth for photochemistry and leads which called be develop for treatment of infectious diseases in which 25% to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants  as antimicrobial. Antimicrobial is a substance of natural semi synthetics that are inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes a little or no damage to the host. antibacterials are used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections,  either by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. antifungals are type of antimicrobial source used in the treatment and preservation of a substance that kill fungus and inhibit their growth and reproduction of fungus like ringworms.

Indian traditional system of medicine is classified based on various system of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. The evolution of all medicinal plants are based on phytochemical and pharmacological approaches leading to drug discovery and it is referred to as natural products. the screening of secondary metabolites from the plants are responsible for their action or pharmacological activity. Plant antioxidants are natural reservoir of bioactive compounds. They play important roles in plant acclamatization and adaptation to environmental challenges, but are also beneficial for human health. As sedentary organisms, plants cannot escape from environmental challenges, originating from natural origin (e.g., temperature, water availability, soil composition, pests) or from anthropogenic practices (e.g., destruction of habitats, pollution). Diverse abiotic factors, like pollution as well as nutrient deficiency, temperature region (heat/cold), water supply (drought/flooding), light intensity, day/night rhythms, and radiation, modify the balance between production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce a phenomenon well known as oxidative stress. Although ROS are crucial for normal plant growth and development, and play important roles in signal transduction, they are also able to induce cellular damage. maintaining the oxidative balance is crucial for plant stress adaptation. To prevent oxidative damage, plants possess an extensive antioxidant defence system consisting of enzymes and metabolites. Ascorbate (vit A, vit C) and glutathione (GSH) are the major water-soluble antioxidant metabolites, and also secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids are participate in the detoxification of ROS under different environmental stresses. Many of these plant secondary metabolites also display biological activity against fungi and other microorganisms, forming the basis for their medicinal use. Both the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites are determined by intrinsic plant characteristics (e.g., developmental stage) on one hand and the environment on the other hand. As environmental factors can affect the production of antioxidants and secondary metabolites, this in turn affects the plant’s nutritional and medicinal value for human health. A plethora of evidence validates that antioxidants present in plant-derived products and foods encompass many biomedical applications. These antioxidants play a role in the prevention as well as in the complementary treatment of non-infectious chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Antioxidants are classified in different categories, but low-molecular weight compounds like terpenoids, alkaloids and mainly polyphenols gained a lot of interest. Polyphenols represent a variety of pharmacologically active phytochemicals that are investigated mainly because of their ability to delay or inhibit oxidation processes as a consequence of some cellular pathological conditions.