User:Jayesh kuvad/sandbox

from:JAYESHKUMAR.M.KUVAD(junior scientist medicine)

researce new medicine(ARV)

1-TENOFOVIR BASE FORMULA 2-ABACAVIR 3-DARUNAVIR300 4-RITONAVIR

Antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection Drugs Used in the Treatment of HIV Infection

Multi-class Combination Products Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name*	Approval Date	Time to Approval Atripla	efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences	12-July-06	2.5 months Complera	emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	Gilead Sciences	10-August-11	6 months Stribild	elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	Gilead Sciences	27-August-12	6 months Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name*	Approval Date	Time to Approval Combivir	lamivudine and zidovudine	GlaxoSmithKline	27-Sep-97	3.9 months Emtriva	emtricitabine, FTC	Gilead Sciences	02-Jul-03	10 months Epivir	lamivudine, 3TC	GlaxoSmithKline	17-Nov-95	4.4 months Epzicom	abacavir and lamivudine	GlaxoSmithKline	02-Aug-04	10 months Hivid	zalcitabine, dideoxycytidine, ddC (no longer marketed)	Hoffmann-La Roche	19-Jun-92	7.6 months Retrovir	zidovudine, azidothymidine, AZT, ZDV	GlaxoSmithKline	19-Mar-87	3.5 months Trizivir	abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine	GlaxoSmithKline	14-Nov-00	10.9 months Truvada	tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine	Gilead Sciences, Inc.	02-Aug-04	5 months Videx EC	enteric coated didanosine, ddI EC	Bristol Myers-Squibb	31-Oct-00	9 months Videx	didanosine, dideoxyinosine, ddI	Bristol Myers-Squibb	9-Oct-91	6 months Viread	tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF	Gilead	26-Oct-01	5.9 months Zerit	stavudine, d4T	Bristol Myers-Squibb	24-Jun-94	5.9 months Ziagen	abacavir sulfate, ABC	GlaxoSmithKline	17-Dec-98	5.8 months Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name*	Approval Date	Time to Approval Edurant	rilpivirine	Tibotec Therapeutics	20-May-11 10 months Intelence	etravirine	Tibotec Therapeutics	18-Jan-08 6 months Rescriptor	delavirdine, DLV	Pfizer	4-Apr-97	8.7 months Sustiva	efavirenz, EFV	Bristol Myers-Squibb	17-Sep-98	3.2 months Viramune (Immediate Release)	nevirapine, NVP	Boehringer Ingelheim	21-Jun-96	3.9 months Viramune XR (Extended Release)	nevirapine, NVP Boehringer Ingelheim	25-Mar-11	9.9 months Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name*	Approval Date	Time to Approval Agenerase	amprenavir, APV (no longer marketed)	GlaxoSmithKline	15-Apr-99	6 months Aptivus	tipranavir, TPV	Boehringer Ingelheim	22-Jun-05	6 months Crixivan	indinavir, IDV,	Merck	13-Mar-96	1.4 months Fortovase	saquinavir (no longer marketed)	Hoffmann-La Roche	7-Nov-97	5.9 months Invirase	saquinavir mesylate, SQV	Hoffmann-La Roche	6-Dec-95	3.2 months Kaletra	lopinavir and ritonavir, LPV/RTV	Abbott Laboratories	15-Sep-00	3.5 months Lexiva	Fosamprenavir Calcium, FOS-APV	GlaxoSmithKline	20-Oct-03	10 months Norvir	ritonavir, RTV	Abbott Laboratories	1-Mar-96	2.3 months Prezista	darunavir	Tibotec, Inc.	23-Jun-06	6 months Reyataz	atazanavir sulfate, ATV	Bristol-Myers Squibb	20-Jun-03	6 months Viracept	nelfinavir mesylate, NFV	Agouron Pharmaceuticals	14-Mar-97	2.6 months Fusion Inhibitors Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name	Approval Date	Time to Approval Fuzeon	enfuvirtide, T-20	Hoffmann-La Roche & Trimeris	13-Mar-03	6 months Entry Inhibitors - CCR5 co-receptor antagonist Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name	Approval Date	Time to Approval Selzentry	maraviroc	Pfizer	06-August-07	8 months HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors Brand Name	Generic Name	Manufacturer Name	Approval Date	Time to Approval Isentress	raltegravir	Merck & Co., Inc.	12--Oct-07	6 months

JAYESH.M.KUVAD(NEW DRUG RESEARCE)

Anti-Anxiety Medication The person suffering from an anxiety disorder (read more on anxiety disorders) experiences chronic and persistent feelings of uneasiness and apprehension, feelings which tend to grow progressively worse if not treated. Anxiety disorders include an array of psychological problems characterized by excessive worry, fear, avoidance, and compulsive rituals. The most common anxiety disorders include: Panic Disorder, Social Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Specific Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Drugs from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (see section on antidepressant medications), minor tranquilizer, and neuroleptic groups (see section on antipsychotic medications) may be used to treat anxiety disorders.

A number of SSRIs, including Prozac®, Luvox®, Paxil®, and Zoloft® are used to treat OCD. Paxil® is also used to treat social phobia, GAD and panic disorder. Zoloft® can be used to treat panic disorder and PTSD. Effexor® has been approved for treatment of GAD. Beta blockers, such as propranolol, are sometimes used to control performance anxiety.

What Are the Side Effects? Anti-anxiety medications, such as clonazepam (Rivotril®), alprazolam (Xanax®), diazepam (Valium®) and lorazepam (Ativan®), are benzodiazepines, which treat symptoms associated with anxiety disorders by inhibiting the activity in certain parts of the central nervous system. These medications have a sedative/hypnotic effect, and may be used to treat problems with sleep or anxiety.

The side effects of benzodiazepines vary according to dosage and the length of time taking the medication. People taking benzodiazepines may experience drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, and confusion. These medications can also impair memory and the ability to concentrate. Learning, memory and performance return to normal once the effect of the drug has worn off. Benzodiazepines can also interact with alcohol, leading to serious and even life-threatening complications. People taking these medications should abstain from drinking alcohol.

NWES UPDATE May 14, 2013 by Hayley Kendall The Department of Medicine held its third annual Young Scientist Day (details of the 2012 young scientist day), chaired by Professor Wendy Barclay, on 24 April 2013. The event attracted large numbers of research students, postdocs and academic staff who had the unique opportunity to hear and see the range of research being undertaken across the Department.

Over 70 posters were displayed by research students in their 2nd and 3rd years from across the Department. Two Departmental panels of judges, comprising academic staff (Dr Kevin Murphy, Professor Julian Dyson and Dr Ramesh Wigneshweraraj) and Student Reps (Nathali Grageda, Lauren Capron, William Jackson and Ming-Shih Hwang), judged the posters.

The event was formally opened at 1400 by Professor Shiranee Sriskandan. Professor Sriskandan informed everyone of recent grant successes of the Department’s PhD students and Post Docs as follows:

Christopher Rhodes Kathleen McCaffrey Claire Turner

Nicki Lynskey

jayesh.m.kuvad(india)

Paul Turner (Post Doc), Paediatrics, successful in acquiring an MRC clinician/scientist award Kelsey Jones (PhD student), Paediatrics, currently in the 3rd year of his PhD research based in Kenya, obtained a Gates foundation grant. This is to institute a trial of an innovative nutritional reconstitution formula for severely malnourished children. Ben Bleasdale, PhD student, Virology, won 1st prize for his scientific essay in the Royal College of Science Unions Science Challenge, 2013. He was presented with his prize at the House of Lords by Lord Winston. Moira Cheung, PhD student, Molecular Endocrinology, won the 2013 International Conference on Children’s Bone Health New Investigator Award Apostolos Gogakos, PhD student, Molecular Endocrinology, won the 2013 British Endocrine Societies British Thyroid Association Prize John Logan, Post Doc, Molecular Endocrinology, awarded a £10,000 Society for Endocrinology Early Career Award in 2012/2013 Professor Barclay expertly Chaired the afternoon, introducing the postdocs’ high quality scientific presentations. The floor was handed to five postdocs who had been selected to orally present their research:

Nicki Lynskey, Division of Infectious Diseases:BY JAYESH.M.KUVAD A Molecular Basis for Group A Streptococcal Hyper-encapsulation David Bernardo Ordiz, Division of Infectious Diseases: Immune compartmentalization in the gastrointestinal tract: differences between ascending and descending human colon Ana Cehovin, Division of Infectious Diseases: Specific DNA  recognition mediated by type IV pilins Anna Herasimtschuk, Division of Immunology: Therapeutic immunisation in conjunction with IL-2, GM-CSF and rhGH improves CD4 T-cell counts and reduces immune activation in cART-treated HIV-1+patients: a phase I clinical study Amy Birch, Division of Brain Sciences: The ablation of reactive astrocytes in APP23 mice induces spatial memory decline & increases amyloid plaque load Following the above oral presentations, Ms Katie Anders, from the Postdoc Development Centre, drew everyone’s attention to the Postdoc Development Centre and the ongoing support and development opportunities it offers to postdocs. Dr Claire Turner, recently awarded a JRF, then joined Professor Barclay at the poster and oral presentation prize announcement as follows:

Prizes were given to all Post Docs who had been selected to give an oral presentation.

1st prizes for posters were given to Ian Harrison, Katherine McCullough, Mark Reglinska and Korina Li 2nd prizes for posters were given to Yuliya Nigmatullina and Catherine Ong

At the end of the afternoon, refreshments were served in the breakout space providing an opportunity for networking and poster viewing. Thanks go to everyone who supported this event. Special thanks to the Postdoc Development Centre for financially supporting the event. Plans are now underway to build on its strengths to ensure its continuing success on an annual basis.

Hayley Kendall Education Research Manager Department of Medicine

Over time, people taking benzodiazepines can develop a tolerance to the drug and may need to take increasing amounts to achieve the same effect. Psychological or physiological dependence can develop with the use of benzodiazepines, especially if the medication is taken regularly for longer periods (more than two to three weeks). For that reason, benzodiazepines are usually prescribed for short intervals only. Long-term effects of benzodiazepines may include rash, muscle weakness, weight gain, memory loss, menstrual irregularity, irritability, nausea, and depression.

Stopping or reducing the dosages of these medications should always be monitored by a physician as serious withdrawal effects can occur. Withdrawal effects may include irritability, nausea and vomiting, difficulty sleeping, altered perception, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, and seizures.

Common side effects of beta blockers include fatigue, cold hands, dizziness and weakness. Less common side effects include shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, loss of sex drive and slow heart rate.