User:Jaykul72/Life during Mughal Empire

Formation of regional oriented ruling group in Bengal 1700 - 1740, P Calkins, Journal of Asian Studies.

Political Participation in Mughal India, Barnett

Muslim dominance, Ethnicity and redistribution in Early modern India, Richard B Barnett

Deccan synthesis in the old hyderabad, Journal of Pakistan History Society

Nature of Land Rights in the Mughal India by B.R.Grover

Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Empire 1770-1870 by C.A.Bayly, Cambridge University Press

Influence of Mahr on the society
Practice of dowry among citizens appear in 14th century as can be evidenced in the several stone inscriptions found in Vijayanagara empire. Several incidents recorded in these inscriptions show that there was a practice of bride price during marriage. Islamic influence brought in the practice of Mahr into South India. To fight the epidemic of bride price, in 15th century a community group of Brahmins created a social legislation to adopt the marriage system of kanyadana where is it mandated that no money should be paid or received during marriage and those who do not follow are liable for punishment by the King. There is also an inscription about dowry (Streedhana) that the villagers should not give land as dowry. The above inscriptions reinforce that system of social legislations within community groups was widely in practice as against personal laws based on religious scriptures.



Influence of barbarian destruction and slavery on the society
Ayyangar mentions that, Krishnadevaraya launched an attack on Gajapati of Kalinga and won the war, he never destroyed the capital of Kalinga or captured the family, instead he returned them with magnanimity.

Muslim rulers plundered the Hindus, deprived them of their property, prohibited them from practising their religion, and put thousands of them to death without any justification. ’Ala-ud-DIn Khaljl was convinced that the Hindus would not become 1 obedient and submissive ’ until they were reduced to poverty.

The advice that QazI Mughls-ud-Dln of Bayana gave to ’Ala-ud-DIn Khalil on how an orthodox Muhammadan king should treat his Hindu subjects is well-known Pramod K Nayar quotes:

Tipu’s freebooters advanced almost to the gates of Madras, making their progress by fire and sword, and spreading ruin and desolation in all directions, burning whole villages, massacring the wretched inhabitants without distinction, violating their wives and daughters