User:Jbasnet/History of Nepal/Bibliography

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In Licchavi-era inscription found in Tistung, the local people have been addressed as the 'Nepals'. Experts are of the opinion that some or all of the inhabitants of Nepal in the ancient period were likely called 'Nepals', which meant that the word 'Nepal' was used to refer to both the land and its population. These Nepals are considered the progenitors of modern-day Newars. Nowadays 'Nepali' is one of the more respectful terms, alongside the terms 'Nepal' and 'Newar', which are variations of the same term. Other variants found in medieval texts are 'Nepar' and 'Newal'.

The derivation of the word Nepal is also the subject of a number of other theories:


 * The Sanskrit word Nepalaya means "at the foot of the mountains" or "abode at the foot"; Nepal may be derived from this.
 * The Tibetan word Niyampal means "holy land". Nepal may be derived from it.
 * Some inhabitants of northern Nepal came from Tibet, where they herded sheep and produced wool. In Tibetan, ne means "wool" and pal means "house". Thus, Nepal is "house of wool".
 * A popular theory is that Lepcha people used the words ne ("holy") and pal ("cave") and thus Nepal to describe a "holy cave".
 * According to Hindu mythology, Nepal derives its name from an ancient Hindu sage called Ne, referred to variously as Ne Muni or Nemi. According to Pashupati Purana, as a place protected by Ne, the country in the heart of the Himalayas came to be known as Nepal.[b] According to Nepal Mahatmya,[c] Nemi was charged with protection of the country by Pashupati.
 * According to Buddhist legend, the deity Manjusri drained the water from Nagadaha (a mythical lake that is believed to have filled the Kathmandu valley). The valley became habitable and was ruled by Bhuktaman a cow-herder, who took advice from a sage named "Ne". Pāla means "protector" or "taking care", so Nepal reflected the name of the sage who took care of the place, according to Nepali scholar Rishikesh Shaha.

Nepal by Bhattarai, Krishna P

It says "Himalaya means "abode of snow" in the Sanskrit language." -page 19 --

Page 12 quote - "The origin of the name Nepal depends on several ancient mythical and historical stories. Many people who inhabit northern Nepal are descendents of people from Tibet. The Tibetan people lived a nomadic lifestyle, herding sheep and producing wool for their livelihood. In the Tibetan language, ne means “wool,” and pal means “house.” Therefore, Tibetan people called the Himalayan region Nepal in recogni¬ tion of its wool production.

Similarly, however, the Newar (inhabitants of the Kath¬ mandu Valley) had the word Nepa, meaning “country of the middle zone.” Because their homeland was situated in the cen¬ tral part of the Himalayas, they called it Nepal Lepcha people, on the other hand, use the word Nepal in reference to a “sacred or holy cave.”

According to yet another story, Manjushri (a Buddhist deity) drained the water from Nagadaha (a mythical lake that is believed to have occupied the Kathmandu Valley). When drained, the valley became inhabitable. According to legend, the valley was ruled by Bhuktaman, a cow herder, under the guidance of a sage named Ne. Because the sage had taken care to rule the sacred country, the land was named Nepal In this version, Ne recognizes the name of the sage, and pal refers to “taking care.” Clearly, the origin of the country’s name is subject to wild speculation and is anyone’s guess."

Page 22——NEPAL AND BANGLADESH: A Global Studies Handbook -

The ancient history of Nepal is based on chronicles that are literary rather than historical compositions and that can be traced to the origin of the Kathmandu Valley. These chronicles suggest that the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. This lush lake basin surrounded by hills was drained by goddess Manjusri for human habitation by cutting a deep gorge in the mountains. The chronicles also offer an explanation for how the name Nepal was derived. A muni (sage) named Ne—commonly known as Ne Muni (or Nemuni)—appeared on the scene as the pala (protector) of the land and the founder of the first ruling dynasty. In other words, in early times, the country, if it could be defined as such, was called Ne-pala, the land protected by Ne. Subsequently, the name was shortened to Nepal.

Citation from page 6-7 of Ancient and medieval Nepal by Shaha, Rishikesh:

"As a manifestation of divine will or as a mere dispensation of nature, a Sage (muni) called Ne appears on the scene as the protector (pdla) of the land and the founder of the first ruling dynasty. Thus the chroni-cles explain the origin of the name of the country Ne-pala, the land ‘protected by Ne’."

In these citations, there is no mention of Titsung inscription, Nepalaya, or Niyampal.

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