User:Jberendt/sandbox

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Reference: Wikipedia Article Assessment Video, Wikipedia: Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment

Unit 5: New Insights in the Genetics of Patients with Breast Cancer
Breast cancer research has made new discoveries providing insight into the genetics of cancer development. Studies have shown that women with metastic breast cancer prominently have methylated DNA. The methylation of DNA prohibits the PKD1 protein-encoding PRKD1. PKD1 has shown to be directly related to tumor aggressiveness and may block the spreading and progression of tumors. Another area of research ongoing that may have insight to the development of breast cancer deals with telomere fusion and maintenance. Genomic instability has been linked with telomere dysfunction. Telomeres in normal cells are maintained by telomere-associated proteins and telomerase activity in order to distinguish and protect them from being recognized as a double-stranded break. Low maintenance leads to telomere fusion and loss of telomere function which has shown to be a contributing factor in cancer development.

Fluorescent Tag Outline

 * The history of fluorescent tagging and how it was invented
 * Radiotopic labeling used, but not very safe (radioactive effected molecule that needed to be observed itself).
 * 1994 introductory of selective, genetic protein tags
 * Methods/Types of tagging
 * isotope markers, or radioactive tracers
 * colorimetric biosensors
 * a thermistor is placed at the beginning of a reaction and end, and the enthalpy change is measured. the environment and reaction is sufficiently small that a large percentage of the heat can be assumed to directly relate to the reaction alone.
 * photoswitchable, which is a type of photochromic compound
 * An example : reversible photoswitchable fluorescent proteins
 * another example : PS-CFP2 and Dendra2 are fluorescent before photoactivation, but switch to red after photoactivation
 * biomaterials
 * peptide labels that affect signaling pathways, mimic or alter natural peptides in the body.
 * ex: BMP-2 - initiates osteogenic activity, but large dosages can create osteosis in unnatural areas. A protein linker is tagged to a material like collagen, which allows for BMP-2 to remain on the site of activity for a longer time, and therefore require less dosage.
 * electrochemical sensors
 * react with a gas to produce signal of concentration level
 * fluorescent labels
 * extra-sensitivity and non-destructivity makes this the best option for tagging
 * example: synthetic fluorescent proteins
 * GFP proteins used to determine proteins of interest
 * useful in that it and variants such as YFP, BFP, CFP do not loose their ability to fold into their beta-barrel conformation when fused to another protein.
 * use metal-chelation and fluorophore metal complexes
 * Fluorescent labeling Techniques and chemistry (differences by method, and common sources one would use to perform this technique in the lab)
 * enzymatic labeling
 * chemical labeling
 * protein tag
 * genetic labeling
 * FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
 * Latest discoveries utilizing fluorescent tagging
 * Tagging biomolecules
 * When fluorescent tagging would be useful vs other methods
 * helpful for visualizing function and conditions of molecules
 * Advantages and disadvantages

Images
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