User:Jcichocki/sandbox

"Article Evaluation"

Trypanosoma brucei

- Everything in this article was relatable and a lot of information regarding the parasite. It also included a link to go to see the disease caused by this parasite if anyone needed more research/knowledge on this topic which was nice to see.

- Each fact was referenced appropriately from natural resources. There are 63 references listed at the bottom, showing this person did a lot of research for this topic to ensure everything was correct. The sources support the claim in the article as well.

- There is a good amount of information on the talk page regarding the article. The conversations presented are ways to help the writer change their article to make it more presentable and reliable.

- This article is apart of the WikiProject Microbiology and WikiProject Medical both rated it C-Class. Although the WikiProject Microbiology rated it as high importance whereas the WikiProject Medical rate it as a mid-importance.

"Article Addition"

Taenia solium

under life cycle I added "From the eggs it then forms into oncospheres which hatch in the intestinal wall and migrates to the muscles where the cysticerci form. The cycticerci then takes about 2 months to form into an audibly tape worm "

"Articles to add to"

Trematode life cycle stages

- I would include a little more detail of what a trematode is to understand the life cycle a little better. Also I would add more detail about each stage of the life cycle; such as discussing the mesocaercaria and other factors more into depth.

Schistosoma japonicum

- I would expand more on how we would be able to control this parasite. Discuss more about how we can control it through bio; such as snail-eating fish or prawns. The education aspect as well could use more information about how this is a poverty parasite and how to try and get the cleanest water.

"finalizing your topic/finding sources"

Trematode life cycle stages

I plan on adding more information to the egg stage such as could be found in feces, sputum or urine. It could either be embryonate, which means it's ready to hatch or it could be unembryonated which means it's still immature. All of them are percolated besides schistosomes. As well as mentioning that some eggs are eaten by snails while others hatch in their environment.

In the miracidia stage I would mention how they don't have a mouth and therefore are short lived and need to find the host quickly.

With the sporocyst I would add how there's two different one's, being the mother sporocyst and the daughter sporocyst.

With the redia I would mention that they have a mouth and therefore are superior because they can eat their competitors and reproduce asexually.

With mesocercariae I would add that they are only found in 3 intermediate host life cycle, and they go through trophic transmission.

With the metacercariae I would add that they occur on vegetation and host tissue, and also goes through trophic transmission.

Bibliography

Galaktionov, K. V., & Dobrovolʹskiĭ, A. A. (2003). The biology and evolution of trematodes: An essay on the biology, morphology, life cycles, transmission, and evolution of digenetic trematodes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Ginetsinskaya, T. A. (1988). Trematodes, their life cycles, biology and evolution. New Delhi.

Life Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2018, from http://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Echinostomiasis/Life Cycle.html

Poulin, R., & Cribb, T. H. (2002, May 28). Trematode life cycles: Short is sweet? Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492202022626

(n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://web.archive.org/web/20170331173909/http://greenmuseum.org/c/vban/trematode.php

DRAFT

Trematode Life Cycle

Trematodes are any parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, especially a parasitic fluke. While consisting of two suckers, one being ventral and one being oral. They have a tegument covering which helps them with absorption and protection from the environment.

The life cycle of a typical trematode begins when the egg is immersed in water or from the adult worms in the definitive host. Some trematode eggs hatch in water, others are eaten by the first intermediate host and hatch within that host, so there are many different routes that a trematode could take to infect a host. Following this, the miracidium, which is free-swimming ciliated larva that a parasite moves from the egg to host stage, hatches which then also goes to find the mollusc host as the first intermediate host. This is where either a rediae or sporocyst will form depending on the host and if there is competition between the two. This eventually forms into a motile cercariae. The cercariae then either infects vertebrates through the skin of a host or is ingested and aims to locate the second intermediate host. When in the vertebrate host, the cercariae can then form into an adult, metacercariae or mesocercariae, depending on the life cycle, or is rejected through feces or urine. Then the metacercariae and second intermediate host has to be ingested by the definitive host for the life cycle to be completed. "Poulin"

The general life cycle stages:

Egg

Found in either feces, sputum or in the urine. Depending on the species it will either be unembryonated (immature) or embryonated (ready to hatch), while all are operculated besides schistosomes. Some eggs are eaten by the host (snail) or hatch in the environment first when coming into contact with water.

Miracidia

These hatch from the eggs and switches to locate the host. They do not have a mouth therefore cannot eat and need to find the host quickly in order to survive because they have a limited amount of energy, which will then develop into the mother sporocyst. It's main function entails in infecting the first intermediate host, which can differ for different trematodes. "Galaktionov"

Sporocyst

Elongated sac that produces either more sporocyst or rediae. This is where larva can being to develop. "Fried"

Mother Sporocyst

They have loose plates (cilia) and migrate to gonas.

Daughter Sporocyst

They are an asexual production of cercariae, they absorb nutrients while having no mouth.

Rediae

After the sporocyst form the larva, the first development from it forms the redia. "Fried" They have a mouth which allows them to have an advantage to their competitors because they can just consume them. Will either produce more rediae or start to form cercariae.

The amount of rediae or daughter sporocyst varies a lot in the representatives of different deign taxa. "Galaktionov"

Parasite Competition in Snail Hosts

Co-infections of different parasite species within the same post could occur and cause a competition between the rediae and sporocysts. Not all trematode species have a rediae stage, some may just have a sporocyst stage depending on the life cycle. The rediae are dominant to sporocyst because they have a "mouth" and are able to either eat their competitors food or their competitor.

Cercariae

Produced clonally and now is a more developed larva form, while their reproduction occurs asexually. Their morphology is diverse and they either infect the definitive host, encyst in vegetation or infect the second intermediate host. Depending on the species, they will either have a long swimming “tail”, which would increase their motility.

Metacercariae

They are involved in an encysted stage either on vegetation or in a host tissue on the second intermediate host. They have a hard shell and are also involved in the trophic transmission. This is where the parasite is able to infect the definitive host because it consumes the second intermediate host that has metacercariae on/in it.

Mesocercariae

They are involved in an uncysted stage and the tropic transmission. They are only involved when there is a 3 intermediate host life cycles.

Representatives of life cycles of several different trematode species\

Sources:

Fried, Bernard, and Thaddeus K. Graczyk. Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research. Springer, 2011.

Galaktionov, K. V., & Dobrovolʹskiĭ, A. A. (2003). The biology and evolution of   trematodes: An essay on the biology, morphology, life cycles, transmission, and evolution of digenetic trematodes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Poulin, R., & Cribb, T. H. (2002, May 28). Trematode life cycles: Short is sweet? Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492202022626