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The “Oliva Ascolana del Piceno DOP” is a gastronomic specialty of the Piceno zone, in Marche region. The name refers to either in brine or stuffed olives produced from the “Ascolana Tenera” cultivar (Ascolano) which is spread in that area. Popular in Italy and abroad, it has gained the protected designation of origin (PDO, DOP in Italian) by the European law since 2005 and a proper consortium was established in 2018.

Origin of the name
The name comes from the Italian word oliva (olive) and the adjective ascolana that refers to the city of Ascoli Piceno, the original place of the product.

Characteristics
The big green “Ascolana Tenera” olive belongs to the Olea europaea sativa genus and it is known since the times of Ancient Rome. Locally it is also called Liva da Concia, Liva Ascolana or Liva di San Francesco. These fruits are valued for their crunchiness and the fullness of their pulp. Picked up before the complete ripening, they are dipped into a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution which significantly reduce their bitter taste. Then they are water-washed and put in brine.

The stuffed olives follow the same procedure but are later pitted, filled with minced beef and pork and deep-fried in oil. They can be served by their own or with other kinds of fried food (lamb cutlets, zucchini, artichoke, cream) to create the so-called fritto misto all’ascolana (Ascoli mixed fried). They might be still hot when served and  be accompanied with some slices of lemon. It is a typical dish for festivities and events.

History
The Romans called these olives Ulivae Picenae but also colymbades (from the Greek verb κολυμβάω, colymbáo that means “to swim”) for their method of conservation in brine. They are mentioned by authors as Cato the Elder, Marcus Terentius Varro, Martial , and Petronius who describes them as a constant presence on the table of the character Trimalchio. The fall of the Roman Empire did not stop the business of the olives: in particular, it is known that during the Middle Age it was a main activity for the local Olivetans monks. In the 16th century Pope Sixtus V, who was born in the Piceno region, wrote about them in a letter sent to the Major Elders of Ascoli Piceno. A century later, instead, there are reports about the first kind of stuffed olives. At that time, the filling was composed with herbs and they were called olive giudee (Jewish olives).

The current recipe came out during the 19th century from the palaces of Ascoli aristocratic families. In fact, by that period, the nobles were essentially landowners so their peasants had to regularly bring them some products from their possessions especially meat, the main food in aristocratic diet. In order to manage the great amount of beef and pork without make them rot, the cooks at service in the mansions start to mince the meat and put it inside the olives.

During the same period, the Ascolana olive found new illustrious admirers in the musicians Gioachino Rossini and Giacomo Puccini. Even Giuseppe Garibaldi, who discovered this specialty during a brief stay in Ascoli Piceno while escaping from Rome in 1849, was really impressed by its taste and, years after, he tried to plant the cultivar in his island, Caprera, but without any success. But, despite that spreading, the production of olives was kept as a familiar or artisanal activity until 1875 when the local engineer Mariano Mazzocchi developed the first industry in order to commercialise the product.

Events
Since 2013 the “Ascoliva Festival” is held in Ascoli Piceno in August to promote and publicize the Ascolana olive and other typical food of the region. It is composed by several stands organised by small producers where is possible to taste various local specialties and learn about their history and their connection with culture and environment. The location is the historical central square of the city, Piazza Arringo.

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