User:Jeff in CA/La République d'Indian Stream

''The excerpts that are translated below come from "Google Translate," but I have carefully edited the English translation provided by Google for readability and meaning in context. A part of the translated excerpts is a re-translation back into English from the French translation of the original English correspondence. As I don't have the original English letter, I cannot provide those words directly. The 1906 document is characterized by flowery prose; however, I chose to limit these excerpts to factual statements and conclusions drawn from the report.''

''This is in the Public Domain in the United States and is Google-digitized. See http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044105247910 ''

 La République d'Indian Stream , by François Joseph Audet (1867-1943), 1906

 … The notes that we have collected and compiled on the Republic of Indian Stream – which has made little noise in the world but whose short story was nevertheless quite momentous – though incomplete, we believe are enough to give an exact idea of its origin, development and end.

…

The Republic of Indian Stream, bounded on the southeast by the Connecticut River and the stream whose name she bore, and to the west by Halls Stream, was located in the current Coos County, State of New Hampshire, north of the forty-fifth parallel. She was surrounded by many small streams, tributaries of the Connecticut River.

For over half a century, this small property was involved in rather important negotiations that took place between Great Britain and the United States regarding the border between Canada and the neighboring republic. It seems however to have remained unknown to our historians.

Should this small republic be regarded as an independent state or as a single municipality? This question was posed to us. We believe we can conclude that this republic was indeed exerting the sovereign functions of an independent state. The acts of the inhabitants of the territory and the decisions of Judge Fletcher seem to fully confirm this progress. The people of Indian Stream, having governed themselves, are indeed considered as a neutral nation. Their government consisted of a board of five members elected annually.

…

Judge John Fletcher of Sherbrooke [raised some concerns] in a letter dated April, 1835, to Lord Aylmer, then Governor of Lower Canada, and he admitted not being able to resolve them despite his deep knowledge of the region:


 * "As you know," he wrote, "for several years at our southeastern border there has existed a kind of extra-national institution, generally known under the name of Indian Stream Settlement, which, like other similar anomalies, came out of the work of diplomats who prepared the famous peace treaty with the United States in 1783. I remember having heard of this republic many years ago, and for a long time I intended to go and visit its people, to make me aware of things and enable me to better do my duty as regards that part of the country, but my many activities here have prevented me from doing this project.


 * "It would appear now," he continued, "that the growing prosperity and the wealth of this part of the country have long attracted the attention of the government of the neighboring state of New Hampshire. Accordingly, they sent to it a few years ago, a surveyor to determine the most northwestern point of a stream on which the Connecticut River was dependent.  He could, naturally, he thought, have no difficulty in proving to our government that this should be the most northwestern source of the Connecticut River, and a stream with its source at this point, however small it was, or whatever name it wore, was actually the Connecticut River itself, which, according to the terms of the Treaty, constituted the border.


 * "It seems that this gentleman was very happy in his research, having found that by admitting that one of the sources of a small stream that flows into the Connecticut River was actually the source of the latter, they may well enlarge considerably the state of New Hampshire at the cost of Lower Canada, and the constituted authorities have instituted prosecutions for sedition and high treason against some inhabitants of the small republic for daring to question their supremacy over a large portion of territory that had until now been viewed by error and ignorance as part of Lower Canada.


 * "A man I had never seen or known," added Mr. Fletcher, "but who seems to me to have good manners and a good dose of intelligence, came to see me last Saturday, as Commissioner of the Indian Stream Settlement, which is one of the principal officials. The object of his mission seemed to be to ask my protection and to notify, through me, the governments of Canada and the Empire, about some invasion of their territory by the sheriff of the neighboring county of Coos, which took place, it appears, under the pretext of executing some criminal proceedings against offenders who had refused to recognize the universal supremacy of the U.S.; and this invasion threat, if renewed, could be the cause of bloodshed. The consequence of this arbitrary measure was that the vast majority of Republicans have become very dedicated and loyal subjects of His Majesty, and they are now all absolutely convinced that the true Connecticut River is actually the one that is mentioned in the Treaty of Paris, and they should be designated as living north of the border. I replied that I would submit the case to Your Excellency."


 * "I, Judge Fletcher, transmit simultaneously, a petition of the inhabitants of this territory, in which they expose their grievances, asking for help and protection, and recognize the jurisdiction of Lower Canada. For a long time the government of the state of New Hampshire has claimed this territory as its own, and G. Sullivan, Attorney of Coos County, maintained that it was under the jurisdiction of Coos County and supported the officers of their courts as having justifiable cause to exercise their functions. On the other hand, the government of Lower Canada claimed that it also had the area surveyed in 1792, by Samuel Holland, surveyor-general of the province, and it had been included in Drayton Township."

In a report dated March 9, 1793, Holland pointed out to the Lieutenant Governor, Alfred Clarke, the idea of considering Halls Stream as the boundary instead of the Connecticut River, as it appeared to be the origin, while New Hampshire has stated its position only recently, and he added: "The border between Lower Canada and the part of the former province of New York today called Vermont, as traced by the authorities of the two provinces during the 1772-73-74 years, crosses the stream named Halls Stream and proceeds thence east to the stream which has always been and still bears the name of Connecticut River. This river, according to what I have always heard and understood," he said, "has always been considered the New Hampshire border."

… For some years, American Loyalists, driven from their homes by the revolution, flocked to the Eastern Townships, and the first inhabitants of this region probably were these political refugees.

…

Moreover, being subject to no law, it soon became a place of refuge for a diverse group that desired to live freely. But, with the population increasing, it was soon discovered that although absolute freedom was a fine thing in theory, there was a need to organize and provide some form of government, which was formed as we have seen, named the Board of Directors, and they named the new state the Republic of Indian Stream.

New citizens soon became quite numerous. At the beginning of 1835, the establishment of Indian Stream contained sixty-nine families, composed of four hundred and fourteen people, and it was very prosperous. Each family head had a hundred acres of land, and there were more than fifteen hundred acres under cultivation.

…

On January 20, 1835, William Smith, Assistant Coos County Sheriff, imprisoned one of the residents, Joseas Powell, in Lancaster, seat of his county, on the complaint of a Luther Parker. The people, outraged by this arbitrary process, protested loudly with reason against this act they viewed as an affront to their freedom and privilege they had enjoyed until then to govern themselves. But, feeling powerless in the face of this formidable opponent, they threw themselves into the arms of the leadership of the government of Canada and sent one of their advisors, Judge Fletcher, to tell them what had just happened and to ask for help and protection against the invaders, as he says in his letter. Shortly after Parker entered Canada, he was arrested on 2 July and imprisoned in Sherbrooke, seat of Saint-François District.

The annual elections of the small republic took place as usual, on 9 March 1835. The names of the advisors elected that year: Richard J. Blanchard, Jeremiah Tabor, Burley Blood, Abner Hyland and William White. The new administration turned to Judge Fletcher to activate the negotiations that seemed to be hardly moving.

On 8 June, William Badger, governor of New Hampshire, claimed in his message to the legislature, under the law of that State to exercise jurisdiction over all the territory in dispute. "Firstly, because," he said, "the area is within the border set by the Treaty of 1783" and cited in support of his claims, the same words referring to the Treaty and certain Patent Letters granting land to different people, and the proclamation of the English sovereign describing Canada's borders, after the transfer in 1763; "wherein," he added, "we would even be entitled to more than we ask. Second, we declare the actual possession of the territory in question since 1783." He then tried to demonstrate what the most northwestern source of the Connecticut River is, referring to a report of a committee of the Legislature of New Hampshire, dated January 6, 1790, which was appointed to demarcate the boundary between this state and Lower Canada, he quoted the fact that a resolution had been passed by his government in 1820, authorizing the Attorney General to institute proceedings against any person who illegally established within the lands of this state, and that consequently as a result became a resident of the territory that had been in dispute. …

On 12 October of the same year (1835), one John H. Tyler, resident of Hereford Township, close to that of Drayton, having gone into the latter township, was set upon and arrested for debt, by those who tried to take him to jail in New Hampshire, but he escaped. [This ignited a serious incident.] …

Many exchanges of correspondence and documents occurred between governments of Lower Canada and New Hampshire, but with it amounting to nothing, the imperial authorities addressed, through Ambassador Lord Aylmer, their complaints to the central government in Washington. However, the talks dragged on and nothing was decided.

Residents of Indian Stream, always threatened by New Hampshire authorities, exposed to incessant harassment of Coos County officials, and not being rescued by the British government, finally lost courage. Some left this region that had become so inhospitable, others decided to avoid greater bloodshed, to transfer their dedication and loyalty to the American republic, and on August 5, [1836?] they announced through Judge Fletcher that they now recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire. …

Jeff in CA (talk) 01:14, 21 July 2015 (UTC)