User:JellyLover159/sandbox

= Jelly Fish Sting Treatment = Read the wiki page on the Cnidocyte for more information on how a jellyfish sting mechanism works. Given nematocysts are the primary mechanism of jellyfish stings, studies have been conducted on the effects of solutions on nematocysts of certain species of jellyfish from specific maritime regions. Generally, a jellyfish sting solution functionality can (and should) be classified into these four categories :

1) Inhibitors: These are solutions that act by blocking the activity of enzymes or proteins

2) Reducers: These are solutions that act by neutralizing the effects of toxins

3) Neutral: These are solutions that do not discharge the nematocyst s by themselves

4) Activators: These are solutions that discharge nematocysts. They may worsen the pain by discharging remaining nematocysts in the sting area. Hence, activators should not be applied to the affected region.

Inconsistencies of General Protocols and scientific research
It is important to note the species of the jellyfish and it's region the species resides since there may be inconsistencies of sting treatment functionality for a particular solution. For example, only for specific species should vinegar be applied to sting areas. One cannot classify a treatment for all Scyphozoa as one in the region of the Mediterranean (Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)) produces adverse effects while in the European region (Chrysaora hysoscella (Scyphozoa)) a paper generally recommends applying vinegar. Therefore, it would be best to identify the specific specie of jellyfish a victim was stung. If not known, one could identify the region where the victim was stung and apply a jellyfish sting protocol specific to that region. (Strategies are welcomed to be inserted or removed.) One strategy was used to redefine general protocols for the European region based on 79 sources. Generally, this issue is complex and efforts should be made to standardize and organize sting treatment solutions in a format as was done in the pee paper.

Efforts to make data useful
In the foreseeable future, one could stipulate a list of viable sting solutions (with every exemption) to include every specie of jellyfish relevant to specific maritime regions. Solutions would be identified and ultimately formulate general protocols. All solutions are verified by standard scientific experiments such as tentacle solution assay s, measuring venom load by hemolytic area percentages cytotoxicity evaluation methods , tentacle blood agarose assays , tentacle skin blood agarose assay ,.

European Region General Protocols
"(1) Rescue and life-saving measures to ensure the patient is responsive and stable (Basic Life Support, Epinephrine injection);

(2) Ensure victim stays relaxed and still to prevent venom circulation;

(3) Administer oral analgesic;

(4) Wash tentacles off with seawater, NOT freshwater;

(5) ONLY for Carybdea marsupialis (Cubozoa) or Chrysaora hysoscella (Scyphozoa) shown in Figure 6: Immerse area in vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) for at least 30 s;

(6) Remove clinging tentacles (if possible, not with bare hands);

(7) Apply baking soda slurry (50% sodium bicarbonate and 50% seawater) for several minutes and rinse off with seawater;

(8) Immerse the affected area in continuous 42–45 °C water for 30 min or till pain is suppressed;

(9) Hospitalization is required if onset of systemic symptoms or intense pain does not subside;

(10) Symptomatic treatment: Antihistamine/Topical steroids/Immunomodulatory drugs ."

== Mediterranean Region General Protocols == 1) CAREFULLY WASH WITH SEAWATER, DO NOT RUB. (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ),(Carybdea marsupialis ),(Physalia physalis ),(Rhizostoma pulmo )

Exception for Olindias phosphorica : WASH WITH COMMERCIAL VINEGAR (4-6% acetic acid) – OTHERWISE, WASH WITH SEAWATER, DO NOT RUB

2) IF AVAILABLE, APPLY FOR FIVE MINUTES A BAKING SODA SLURRY (50% commercial baking soda; 50% seawater) to prevent further envenomation from attached tentacles. (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ),(Rhizostoma pulmo )

Exception for Box Jellyfish (Carybdea marsupialis ): WASH WITH COMERCIAL VINEGAR

Exception for Olindias phosphorica : skip to step 3)

Exception for Physalia physalis : skip to step 3)

3) USE A PLASTIC CARD TO REMOVE RESIDUALS OF TENTACLES (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ),(Physalia physalis ),(Rhizostoma pulmo )

4) APPLY ICE PACKS (wrapped in a cloth or thin towel, not directly on the skin) for 5-25 minutes - Warn victim that ice pack may be uncomfortable at first! (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ),(Olindias phosphorica )

Exception for Box Jellyfish (Carybdea marsupialis ): APPLY HOT PACKS OR HOT WATER IMMERSION (40-45 ºC) 5-15 MINUTES

Exception for Physalia physalis : APPLY HOT PACKS OR HOT WATER IMMERSION (40-45 ºC) 10-20 MINUTES.

Exception for Rhizostoma pulmo : APPLY ICE PACKS (wrapped in a cloth or thin towel, not directly on the skin) for 5-15 minutes - Warn victim that ice pack may be uncomfortable at first!

(5) REASSESS PAIN AND REAPPLY ICE PACKS IF NECESSARY (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ), (Carybdea marsupialis ),(Olindias phosphorica ),(Physalia physalis ),(Rhizostoma pulmo )

(6) IF PAINS PERSISTS, CONSULT YOUR PHARMACIST OR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS - Ask for analgesic + hydrocortisone preparations (eg. lidocaine 3-4% + hydrocortisone) (Pelagia noctiluca ),(Chrysaora hysoscella ), (Carybdea marsupialis ),(Olindias phosphorica ),(Physalia physalis ),(Rhizostoma pulmo )

Solution tested species (Mediterranean Region)
Aurelia aurita

Velella velella

Rhizostoma pulmo

Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

Australian Region General Protocols
According to the Australian red cross:

Treatment for most jellyfish stings [ Australia]
"1) Rinse the area with vinegar, for at least 30 seconds. If you don’t have vinegar, use sea water.

2) 2. Remove tentacles from the skin with tweezers.

3. Once the tentacles are removed, soak the area in hot but not scalding water for 20 to 45 minutes.

4. If hot water is not available, apply a cold pack to help the pain. Don’t apply ice directly to unprotected skin.

5. If there are any signs of respiratory distress, call 000."

Treatment for box jellyfish [ Australia]
"1. Call 000.

2. Rinse the area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds.

3. If vinegar is not available, carefully remove tentacles and rinse well with sea water.

4. Be careful not to rub the sting area or to get sand into the sting.

5. To manage pain, soak in hot, but not scalding water.

6. Monitor their breathing and pulse.

7. If necessary, begin CPR."

US Coastal or Territorial Waters [ territorial sea] General Protocols
According to American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council Advisory

Tested species
Physalia spp

Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Sea nettle)

Pelagia noctiluca

Alatina (Carybdea) alata

Physalia physalis

Lion’s Mane jellyfish