User:Jennamackay/sandbox

I am currently working on the Wikipedia page for "Laryngeal papillomatosis", after looking over this page I have come up with some suggestions for the improvement of this article: I personally plan on working on the following:
 * Add more to the Signs and Symptoms section (e.g. onset and progression of symptoms, elaborate on what is happening physically to produce these signs or symptoms)
 * Move information about prevention to its own section "Prevention" rather than keeping it within "Transmission"
 * Add an Outcomes or Prognosis section
 * Add an Epidemiology section
 * Add sub-headings within the Treatment section (include Speech Therapy as it's own sub-heading with more information)
 * Medical citations are needed throughout the article
 * Add a photo to the page
 * Adding to the Signs and Symptoms section
 * Adding sub-headings to Treatment section and elaborating on speech therapy
 * Separating the Prevention and Transmission (adding Prevention section)

The following is a bibliography containing some resources that may be useful in the development of the Laryngeal papillomatosis article:
 * Avelino, Melissa Ameloti Gomes; Zaiden, Tallyta Campos Domingues Teixeira; Gomes, Raquel Oliveira (September 2013). "Surgical treatment and adjuvant therapies of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 79 (5): 636–642. ISSN 1808-8686. PMID 24141682. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20130114.
 * Carifi, Marco; Napolitano, Domenico; Morandi, Morando; Dall'Olio, Danilo (2015). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: current and future perspectives". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 11: 731–738. ISSN 1176-6336. PMC 4427257 Freely accessible. PMID 25999724 . doi:10.2147/TCRM.S81825.
 * Derkay, Craig S. (2001-01-01). "Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis". The Laryngoscope. 111 (1): 57–69. ISSN 1531-4995. doi:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00011.
 * Nicollas, R.; Giovanni, A.; Triglia, J.-M. (June 2008). "[Dysphonia in children]". Archives De Pediatrie: Organe Officiel De La Societe Francaise De Pediatrie. 15 (6): 1133–1138. ISSN 0929-693X. PMID 18440790 . doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2008.03.001.
 * Nowińska, Katarzyna; Ciesielska, Urszula; Podhorska-Okołów, Marzenna; Dzięgiel, Piotr (May 2017). "The role of human papillomavirus in oncogenic transformation and its contribution to the etiology of precancerous lesions and cancer of the larynx: A review". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine: Official Organ Wroclaw Medical University. 26(3): 539–547. ISSN 1899-5276. PMID 28791831.
 * Torrente, Mariela C.; Rodrigo, Juan P.; Haigentz, Missak; Dikkers, Frederik G.; Rinaldo, Alessandra; Takes, Robert P.; Olofsson, Jan; Ferlito, Alfio (April 2011). "Human papillomavirus infections in laryngeal cancer". Head & Neck. 33 (4): 581–586. ISSN 1097-0347. PMID 20848441. doi:10.1002/hed.21421.
 * Wierzbicka, Małgorzata; Józefiak, Agata; Jackowska, Joanna; Szydłowski, Jarosław; Goździcka-Józefiak, Anna (July 2014). "HPV vaccination in head and neck HPV-related pathologies". Otolaryngologia Polska = The Polish Otolaryngology. 68 (4): 157–173. ISSN 2300-8423. PMID 24981297. doi:10.1016/j.otpol.2014.05.004.

Transmission
Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), most frequently by types 6 and 11. The mode of transmission is found to differ depending on age; the disease is typically separated into two forms (juvenile and adult) based on whether diagnosis was before or after 12 years of age. The juvenile form is generally transmitted through contact with a mother’s infected vaginal canal during childbirth. Less is known about transmission in the adult form of this disease, though oral sex has been implicated as a potential mode of transmission. However, it is uncertain whether oral sex would directly transmit the virus or activate the dormant virus that was transmitted at childbirth.

In general, physicians are unsure why only certain people who have been exposed to the HPV types implicated in the disease develop laryngeal papillomatosis. In the case of the juvenile form of the disease, the likelihood of a child born of an infected mother developing laryngeal papillomatosis is low (between 1 in 231 to 1 in 400 ), even if the mother’s infection is active. The following risk factors have been identified that result in a higher likelihood of transmission at childbirth: if they are the first-born, if it is a vaginal birth, if the mother is a teenager. As for the adult form, this information is not yet known.

Prevention
Since laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by HPV, the largest active mode of prevention against this disease is HPV vaccination. HPV vaccines have been developed and recommended for all young girls for prevention against genital warts and cervical cancer. Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine and thus provides antigens for four HPV types (types 6,11,16, and 18). It therefore helps prevent both cervical cancer, which is most commonly associated with types 16 and 18, and genital warts, which are commonly associated with types 6 and 11 (the same types that are commonly associated with laryngeal papillomatosis). Routine vaccination of pre-adolescent girls with these vaccines is expected to prevent persistent HPV 6 or HPV 11 genital infections among expectant mothers and thus prevent secondary laryngeal infections to their newborns that can lead to laryngeal papillomatosis. However, it should be noted that if the bivalent vaccines are used, these only prevent the HPV types that lead to cervical cancer (types 16 and 18) and will have little effect on laryngeal papillomatosis. Additionally, nonvalent vaccines which target many types including 6,11,16, and 18 can also be effective in prevention along with the quadrivalent vaccines like Gardasil.

Aside from vaccination, little is known in terms of effective means of prevention. Due to the low likelihood of transmission even from an infected mother, it is not recommended to expose the mother and child to the additional risks of caesarean section to prevent the transmission of this disease during vaginal childbirth and opting for a caesarean section does not guarantee that transmission will not still occur.