User:Jenno1007/sandbox

George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American painter, author, and traveler who composed hundreds of Native Americans portraits and landscapes of the Old West.

Early years


George Catlin was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on July 26, 1796. As a child Catlin kept himself busy hunting, fishing, and tracking, hobbies which would follow him into adulthood as a painter. In his dissertation on the artist, Loren Wilson Hall points out that though Catlin had the slight built and height of a man unaccustomed to physical labor, he was nonetheless an outdoorsman. Though Catlin had initially chosen to study law, he was persuaded to abandon his career after observing a traveling delegation of Native Americans who were visiting Philadelphia on their way to Washington, D.C. This epiphany in 1823 would come to shape the remainder of Catlin’s life as he came to realize that he wanted to become the chronicler of these “vanishing people.” Catlin believed that all the country’s Native peoples, “had [not] the means of recording [their history] themselves; but have entrusted it, from necessity, to the honesty and punctuality of their enemies." In 1832, Catlin chose to pursue this goal by traveling West across the country from St. Louis in order to record the landscapes and its Native Americans during a nearly eight year sojourn.

Career
A self-taught artist, Catlin had published some early engravings of sites along the route of the Erie Canal in New York State. Several of his renderings were published in one of the first printed books to use lithography, Cadwallader D. Colden's Memoir, Prepared at the Request of a Committee of the Common Council of the City of New York, and Presented to the Mayor of the City, at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals, published in 1825, with early images of the City of Buffalo. However the majority of Catlin’s acknowledged catalog comes from his Indian Gallery that began being composed in 1832.

Accompanied by the aging General William Clark and the American Fur Company, the 1832 journey took Catlin from St. Louis and up the Missouri River, eventually reaching Montana. It is estimated that during this first year of travel, Catlin produced more than 135 paintings in a span of 86 days. Continuing his travels through 1839, with brief visits back to St. Louis to visit his wife, Clara Gregory Catlin, Catlin lived a thoroughly transitory existence. In 1833, the artist additionally visited the American South, including the Native American tribes of Florida. The following year brought Catlin back out West again, this time to Sante Fe Territory, while in 1835 he traveled up the Missouri River again to paint the Santee and Ojibbeway Sioux. In 1836, his partial Indian Gallery finally opened in Pittsburgh and later Buffalo, though Catlin quickly left the exhibit in New York after he received the opportunity to visit the Pipestone Quarries in Minnesota. Catlin claims in his Letters and Notes (1840) that he was the first white man to visit this sacred Native American site, though this fact was later refuted by historians.

His Indian Gallery
By 1838, Catlin was satisfied enough with his Indian Gallery to send a request of patronage to the U.S. Congress for the buying and preservation of his works. Denied by Congress upon this initial request, the remainder of Catlin’s life after returning from his Western travels would be spent trying to gain patronage for his collection in order to both support his family and fulfill his life’s goal of chronicling Native American culture and the Western territories. Though several other contemporaries of Catlin gained national acclaim and Congressional support for their collections including Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Seth Eastman, and John Mix Stanley, scholars of Catlin have argued that his more sympathetic representations of Native American life perhaps caused the U.S. government to look unfavorably at his assumed political leanings toward Native American agency.

Schoolcraft, Eastman, and Stanley additionally publicly denounced Catlin’s work as lacking true artistic skill, with Eastman and Stanley openly arguing against Catlin’s other 1852 bid for patronage. Further deterring Catlin’s efforts, his rival Schoolcraft’s similarly ethnological work was bought by Congress in the 1850’s.

Catlin’s desperation for patronage was made evident when in 1838, shortly after his initial dismissal by Congress, he transplanted himself to London. In Egyptian Hall in London, and throughout Europe, Catlin displayed over “485 paintings, a tepee, two [stuffed] grizzly bears, and assorted cultural implements," to eager audiences. His traveling exhibition also included the display of several tableaux vivans of Ojibway Native Americans who traveled with Catlin. Displaying the tableaux vivans in France in June of 1845, initial curiosity and success eventually gave way to audiences denouncing the displays as simple exhibits of low brow entertainment.

Though Catlin was commissioned by Sir Thomas Phillips in 1851 to paint fifty six paintings of his originals for two dollars apiece, the artist soon left Europe for South America after receiving news from America that both his wife and young son had died within a short time of one another. Catlin did not return to the U.S. until 1870, with his dreams of patronage being finally realized in 1872, within months of his death, by Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian American Art Museum now hold over five hundred works by Catlin, while the American Museum of Natural History in New York City holds an additional seven hundred sketches.

Lasting Controversy




Perhaps one of the most enduring aspects of Catlin’s work remains his inconsistent portrayals of his Native American subjects. While Catlin most often produced detailed, realistic work for his individual portraits, his works of multiple subjects often lacked the same attention. Catlin’s inconsistencies can be observed in three of his works which portray the same subject, the Chief Mah-to-toh-pa, or Four Bears. In comparing Catlin’s individual portrait of Four Bears which was produced in 1833, and then his 1841 work, The Author Painting a Chief at the Base of the Rocky Mountains, the lack of detailed given to the gathered tribes people in the latter work is evident. Catlin also reproduced The Author Painting a Chief in another work entitled Catlin Painting the Portrait of Mah-to-toh-pa-Mandan, in 1861-1869. This work removes the immediate, tribal background of the work, and instead presents the Native Americans in a generic, vague landscape.

Catlin’s own inclusion within the works, as simultaneously placing himself as the composer and fellow sitter in the work, has caused historians and critics of the artist to question his subjectivity. On his work on Catlin, Norman Feder noted that, "some of his writings and paintings are amazingly accurate, and some seem to be figments of his imagination." Current exhibits of Catlin’s work continue to garner controversy as modern audiences continue to argue as to whether his works are patronizing or supporting Native American agency.

Fiction
Larry McMurtry includes Catlin as a character in his The Berrybender Narratives series of novels. In the historical novel The Children of First Man, James Alexander Thom recreates the time Catlin spent with the Mandan people. The 1970 film A Man Called Horse cites Catlin's work as one of the sources for its depiction of Lakota Sioux culture.

Gallery
References: