User:Jennyaranda24/sandbox

I added paragraphs and found or fixed citations for all missing citations and added examples for more sources to assertions in the page. I also corrected grammar.

add more current examples and effects of anti-intellectualism. add more sources and information. correct grammar and create better sentences.

bibliography

Shogan, Colleen J. “Anti-Intellectualism in the Modern Presidency: A Republican Populism.” Perspectives on Politics, vol. 5, no. 2, 2007, pp. 295–303. www.jstor.org/stable/20446425.

CLAUSSEN, DANE S. “A Brief History of Anti-Intellectualism in American Media.” Academe, vol. 97, no. 3, 2011, pp. 8–13. www.jstor.org/stable/23024646.

Giroux, Susan Searls. “The Age of Unreason: Race and the Drama of American Anti-Intellectualism.” JAC, vol. 29, no. 1/2, 2009, pp. 295–352. www.jstor.org/stable/20866903.

What is missing from the Anti-intellectualism article is examples and proof of anti-intellectualism after the nineteenth century. Additionally, there are other countries and continents that could possibly be added to the list and show great examples of anti-intellectualism. The article also needs citations, or the removal of certain citations that are not verifiable.

To go under statistics possibly

"Anti-intellectualism refers to a student’s negative view of the value and importance of intellectual pursuits and critical thinking. Academic self-efficacy refers to a student’s belief in one’s ability to accomplish an academic task. As hypothesized, students high in anti-intellectualism attitudes and those with low academic self-efficacy were least likely to perceive college cheating as unethical. "

Anti-intellectualism refers to ones disregard for intellectualism and unfavorable opinion on the importance of academic and intellectual thinking and pursuits. Some academics have stated that the rise of anti-intellectualism has resulted in a rise of college cheating as students to do not want to partake in academic work and are not critically thinking about the unethical in cheating.

Elias, Rafik Z. “The Impact of Anti-Intellectualism Attitudes and Academic Self-Efficacy on Business Students' Perceptions of Cheating.” Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 86, no. 2, 2009, pp. 199–209., www.jstor.org/stable/40294884.

To go under media possibly.

One possible producer of anti-intellectualism is the way in which certain medias, such as the news, portrays intellectuals. Studies have found that highly intellectual individuals are often vilified or portrayed as irregular in the news, leading some to reject intellectualism.

CLAUSSEN, DANE S. “A Brief History of Anti-Intellectualism in American Media.” Academe, vol. 97, no. 3, 2011, pp. 8–13., www.jstor.org/stable/23024646.

Authoritarianism
In the 20th century, intellectuals were systematically demoted or expelled from the power structures, and, occasionally, assassinated (NEEDS WHERE), ADDED ''such as with Václav Havel, who was ostracized and made to appear untrustworthy in the Czech Republic. ''

21st Century Statistics
Some alarming statistics show the devastating results that the trend of anti-intellectualism has generated in the 21st century. People deny climate change on a consistent basis as a means of being at odds with the scientific community. One in four Americans think that the sun revolves around the earth and 35 percent of Americans in 2014 could not name a single branch of American government.

''ADDED In Education, the ranking of the United States is 52nd out of 139 nations pertaining to the quality of instruction. Additionally, the United States no longer leads the world with the number of young adults with college degrees, as it is now in 12th place. Anti-intellectualism refers to the general disregard for intellectualism and unfavorable opinion on the importance of academic and intellectual thinking and pursuits. Some academics have stated that the rise of anti-intellectualism has resulted in a rise of college cheating as students do not want to partake in academic work and are not critically thinking about the ethical repercussions of cheating.''

21st Century Mass Media[edit | edit source]
The mass-media of the 21st century played into anti-intellectualism in the US by reporting on higher education and intellectualism. Dane Claussen wrote about how many news sources focused on all of the things students were doing while in college except for the intellectual pursuits. They consistently reported on college being for fun, dating, and social development, while neglecting the academic aspects. During protests and social movements, the students were cast in a bad light by much of print media during the 20th century, which minimized their views, making it harder for the public to take them seriously.

Dane Claussen uses the following quote from Daniel Rigney, an American sociologist, to demonstrate how the media is able to influence the public's perception:

Rigney said this as an addition to Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky's theory of Manufactured Consent.

The 21st century media researched by Claussen was also reporting on intellectualism in a way that distanced the public from intellectuals. Many of the stories that Claussen found detailed students that performed exceptionally well. These stories often objectified students like this, making them something to be looked at as an oddity, but not a status attainable by the average person. By reporting on these students in this way, they have played a part in contributing to the view that intellectualism is a form of deviancy that should be avoided so as not to attract ridicule.

''ADDED Another possible producer of anti-intellectualism is the way in which certain medias, such as the news, portray intellectuals. Studies have found that highly intellectual individuals are often vilified or portrayed as irregular in the news, leading some to reject intellectualism. Perjorative terms like egghead continue to be used in modern day criticisms of the intellectual body, further vilifying these individuals as out-of-touch and lacking of common sense.''

OFFICIAL WRITING

Statistics

Politicians are not exempt from anti-intellectualism. In the Senate, seventy-four percent of the Republican Party do not believe climate change is real and fifty-three percent of the House of Representatives deny climate change

In Education, the ranking of the United States is 52nd out of 139 nations pertaining to the quality of instruction. Additionally, the United States no longer leads the world with the number of young adults with college degrees, as it is now in 12th place.

Anti-intellectualism refers to ones disregard for intellectualism and unfavorable opinion on the importance of academic and intellectual thinking and pursuits. Some academics have stated that the rise of anti-intellectualism has resulted in a rise of college cheating as students to do not want to partake in academic work and are not critically thinking about the unethical in cheating.

Media

One possible producer of anti-intellectualism is the way in which certain medias, such as the news, portrays intellectuals. Studies have found that highly intellectual individuals are often vilified or portrayed as irregular in the news, leading some to reject intellectualism.