User:JerryFriedman/toolbox

Toolbox
Common-name ref

http://books.google.com/books?id=vGC1iBfhglMC&pg=PA463

International Phonetic Alphabet for English
/i:/ close front unrounded vowel IPA [i&#720;]

/I/ near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [&#618;]

/eI/ diphthong: close-mid front unrounded vowel + near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [e&#618;]

/E/ open-mid front unrounded vowel IPA [&#603;]

/&/ near-open front unrounded vowel
 * IPA [&#230;]

/A:/ open back unrounded vowel
 * IPA [&#593;&#720;]

/A./ BrE open back rounded vowel
 * BrE [&#594;]

/O:/ open-mid back rounded vowel
 * IPA [&#596;&#720;]

/V/ open-mid back unrounded vowel
 * IPA [&#652;]

/oU/ AmE close-mid back rounded vowel + near-close near-back rounded vowel
 * IPA AmE [o&#650;]

/@U/ BrE schwa + near-close near-back rounded vowel
 * BrE [&#601;&#650;]

/U/ near-close near-back rounded vowel
 * IPA [&#650;]

/u:/ close back rounded vowel
 * IPA [u&#720;]

/:/ [&#720;]

Reduced vowels
These are vowels that occur in unstressed syllables.
 * roses - close central unrounded vowel AmE only. This sound is called barred-i
 * IPA [&#616;]

/@/
 * IPA [&#601;]


 * runner - AmE only. This is called an r-colored schwa. This is a single sound, not a sequence of schwa and r.
 * IPA [&#602;]
 * SAMPA [@`]
 * button - AmE only. This is called syllabic n.
 * IPA [n&#809;]


 * bottom - AmE only. This is called syllabic m.
 * IPA [m&#809;]

R-colored vowels
These are plain vowels that are followed by r.
 * her
 * IPA AmE [&#605;] BrE [&#604;]


 * near
 * IPA AmE [i&#633;] BrE [&#618;&#601;]


 * marry - AmE only *
 * IPA [&#230;&#633;]


 * merry - AmE only *
 * IPA [&#603;&#633;]


 * bare
 * IPA AmE [e&#633;] BrE [&#603;&#601;]


 * car
 * IPA AmE [a&#633;] BrE [a&#720;]


 * core
 * IPA AmE [&#596;&#633;] BrE [&#596;&#601;]


 * pure
 * IPA AmE [&#650;&#633;] BrE [&#650;&#601;]


 * fire
 * IPA AmE [a&#618;&#602;] BrE [a&#618;&#601;]


 * hour
 * IPA AmE [a&#650;&#602;] BrE[a&#650;&#601;]

&#42; For many speakers of American English, all or some of [&#230;], [&#603;], and [e] are merged before [r]. That is, merry, marry, and/or Mary are homophones. The vowel is pronounced as [e&#633;]. For speakers of British English, these sequences are just the plain vowel, with [&#633;] beginning the next syllable;

Diphthongs
Diphthongs are vowel sounds that smoothly glide from one vowel to another.

/aI/
 * IPA [a&#618;]

/OI/
 * IPA [&#596;&#618;]

/aU/
 * IPA [a&#650;]

/ju/
 * IPA [ju]

Stops
/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive
 * IPA [p]

/b/ voiced bilabial plosive
 * IPA [b]

/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
 * IPA [t]

/d/ voiced alveolar plosive
 * IPA [d]

/k/ voiceless velar plosive
 * IPA [k]

/g/ voiced velar plosive
 * IPA [g]

[?] glottal stop (not usually considered a separate phoneme of English.)
 * IPA [&#660;]

The voiceless stops, [p], [t], and [k] are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of stressed syllables. Aspiration is marked in IPA with a superscript h. These symbols are thus [p&#688;], [t&#688;], [k&#688;].

Nasals
/n/ alveolar nasal
 * IPA [n]

/m/ bilabial nasal
 * IPA [m]


 * emphasis - labiodental nasal - this is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of m
 * IPA [&#625;]


 * /N/ - This sound is called engma, eng or agma


 * SAMPA [N]

Fricatives
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
 * IPA [f]

/v/ voiced labiodental fricative
 * IPA [v]

/T/ voiceless interdental fricative
 * IPA [&#952;]

/D/ voiced interdental fricative
 * IPA [&#240;]

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
 * IPA [s]

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative
 * IPA [z]

/S/ voiceless postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called esh
 * IPA [&#643;]

/Z/ voiced postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called ezh or yogh
 * IPA [&#658;]

/h/ voiceless glottal fricative
 * IPA [h]

Affricates
/tS/
 * IPA [t&#643;]

/dZ/
 * IPA [d&#658;]

A distinction is made in English between affricates and a series of a stop and fricative, because a syllable boundary never separates an affricate, but it might separate a stop/fricative sequence.

Approximants
Approximants, also called liquids, are smooth sounds that are almost like vowels. /l/ lateral alveolar approximant
 * IPA [l]
 * SAMPA [l]
 * coal - velarized lateral alveolar approximant - this sound is sometimes called dark l (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [l])
 * IPA [&#619;]

/r/ alveolar approximant
 * IPA [&#633;]

[*] alveolar flap (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [t] and [d])
 * IPA [&#638;]

/w/ labial-velar approximant /j/ palatal approximant
 * IPA [w]
 * IPA [j]

[w] and [j] are also called glides.

Suprasegmentals

 * primary stress
 * IPA [&#712;]


 * secondary stress
 * IPA [&#716;]


 * syllable break
 * IPA [.]