User:Jessrose96/sandbox

Biological models section:

The two primary neurotransmitters responsible for stress buffering within the brain are dopamine and endogenous opioids as evidenced by current research showing that dopamine and opioid antagonists increased stress response in both humans and animals  .Primary and secondary rewards reduce negative reactivity of stress in the brain in both humans and animals. For example, rats who were given a sweet drink showed lower distress to a stressor involving social isolation and increased pain tolerance. Interestingly, the same effect was found in human infants given a sweet drink who subsequently showed less distress to painful medical procedures, such as blood draws. In terms of more chronic stressors such as symptoms of depression, a secondary reward of social support increased dopamine and opiod activity, resulting in reduced depressive symptoms.

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