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Articles
Affordable housing

Nonprofit housing

Public Housing In the United States

Article Evaluation - Affordable Housing

 * Affordable housing is considered an affordable dwelling for low-income households. According to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, a low-income household makes less than 80 percent of the median income in the local area (Area Median Income, or AMI)
 * This article is very broad, although it has information on affordable housing, it focuses on providing information largely on a global context.
 * The resources used to build the article provided me with a reference point in which to begin on nonprofit housing, public housing and Affordable housing.
 * Nonprofit housing vs for profit development are both sectors that build affordable housing each operating with their own missions, financial operations, and technicalities. The core difference between a for-profit and a non-profit organization is that for-profit entities operate to produce returns to owners or shareholders, whereas non-profits either reinvest profits into the organization and/or donate money to serve their mission Nonprofit housing
 * State depends on federal government for funding.
 * Section 8 Housing is a housing choice voucher program provided for rental subsidies. Federal Government provides funding to states and states allocate funds to Public Housing Authority which provides rental assistance through low-rent public housing and leased housing programs; serves as implementing agency for state counties.





Section
Nonprofit Housing Neighborhood Spillovers


 * The article “Nonprofit Housing and Neighborhood Spillovers.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management” analysis the critical role nonprofit housing agencies play in U.S. housing policy, a role typically justified by the claim that their housing investments produce significant neighborhood spillover benefits. However, little work has actually been done to measure these impacts on neighborhoods. The article compares the neighborhood spillover effects of city-supported rehabilitation of rental housing undertaken by nonprofit and for-profit developers, using data from New York City


 * I plan to use this article to provide examples of city-supported rehabilitation of rental housing undertaken by nonprofit generate positive spillover effects in inner cities, using New York as a case study.


 * Since I could not find an article, which would represent findings on neighborhood spillovers in San Francisco, I am using the New York study to explain the importance of nonprofits investing in affordable housing. It helps create housing and in many cases improves marginalized neighborhoods.

Preserving Affordable housing in America

The Quadruple Bottom Line and Nonprofit Housing Organizations in the United States


 * As the decline of in, federal funding for affordable housing has increased in the past years; nonprofits organizations have evolved to incorporate various components in an attempt to help with the demands of maintaining and developing affordable housing. The article “The Quadruple Bottom Line and Nonprofit Housing Organizations in the United States” is a study of how the US housing nonprofits have both historically and currently, evolved to incorporate multiple roles to mediate the private market. How the various components of the Quadruple Bottom Line often compete with one another; and how hybridity of the nonprofit social housing sector creates additional challenges for these groups.


 * I plan to use this article to show how nonprofits have had to become hybrids in their services to help with the demand of affordable housing. Since the lack of affordable housing has increased in Marin County, Canal Alliance has had to step in to purchase three buildings to help create affordable housing in San Rafael.

The Benefits and Costs of the Section 8 Housing Program


 * The article “The Benefits and Costs of the Section 8 Housing Subsidy Program: A Framework and Estimates of First-Year Effects” provides estimates for a comprehensive set of social benefits and costs associated with the federal Housing Choice Voucher (Section 8) program. The empirical estimates concluded in the research the value of the voucher to recipients; additional services and public benefits induced by voucher receipt; improvements in children’s health, education, and criminal behaviors; the costs of voucher provision; the labor supply impacts on voucher recipients; and community effects.


 * This article in part will help me to explain the benefits of the Section 8 housing subsidy program and how it is helping to increase health and human development in marginalized areas in the US. Canal Alliance has partner with Marin Housing Authority to provide housing for section 8 voucher holders in Marin County.

Marin Housing Authority


 * The Housing Authority of the County of Marin is a public corporation created pursuant to the Health and Safety Code of the State of California. Housing authorities are authorized to provide decent, safe, and sanitary housing for low and moderate-income people. Public housing is funded by the federal government and administered by the Marin Housing Authority for the jurisdiction of County of Marin, California. Public housing is funded by the federal government and administered by the Marin Housing Authority for the jurisdiction of County of Marin, California.

Mayor's Office of Housing and Community Development


 * The Mayor's office of housing and community development awards grants to extensive citywide public housing to support services through a combination of federal, state, and city funds. The funding decisions are based on priorities and strategies outlined in our 2015-19 Consolidated Plan. The Consolidated Plan is developed through extensive citywide public input, especially from residents and stakeholders of low-income communities


 * I would like to use the Mayor's Office of Housing and Community Development as a source to explain the process nonprofits in San Francisco undergo to apply for grants to support their affordable housing services.

 Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University


 * The Harvard Joint Center performs research on housing challenges addressing intellectual and policy issues confronting a nation experiencing widespread demographic, economic, and social changes, with dramatic and far-reaching effects on cities in particular.


 * This website will assist me with information regarding ongoing policy changes around affordable housing.

The Tradeoffs of Inclusionary Zoning: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?


 * Strong regulatory requirements through policy and ordinances can facilitate access to affordable housing. However, there is much discourse about the of trade off of inclusionary zoning. Proponents argue that it expands the supply of below-market rate housing and promotes social integration through mixed-income communities. Opponents hold that inclusionary requirements impede housing supply by deterring new development, and hurt the poor the most.

Inclusionary Housing Policies, Stigma Effects and Strategic Production Decisions

Residential

Inclusionary housing policies rely on a combination of legal mandates and economic incentives to encourage residential real estate developers to include affordable units in otherwise market-rate projects. These regulations provide a means of stimulating the production of mixed-income housing at a minimal cost to the public sector, but have been hypothesized to slow development and put upward pressure on housing prices. The results of the theoretical models presented in this paper suggest that inclusionary housing policies need not increase housing prices in all situations. However, any observed impact on housing prices may be mitigated by density effects and stigma effects that decrease demand for market rate units. The results additionally suggest real estate developers are likely to respond to inclusionary housing policies by strategically altering production decisions

Jai Keep-Barnes, "Inclusionary Zoning as a Taking: A Critical Look at Its Ability to Provide Affordable Housing," Urban Lawyer 49, no. 1 (Winter 2017): 67-108

Plan for Drafting
For my area of research I will add into the section of city programs of San Francisco in Public housing in the United States.

4. City Programs


 * 4.4 San Francisco Bay Area
 * Inclusionary Affordable Housing Program
 * San Francisco Housing Authority
 * In 1938, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors established the San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA), making it today one of the oldest housing authorities in California. The Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly Section 8) was adopted in 1974 by the SFHA, and today it serves over 20,000 residents of San Francisco. Primary funding for the SFHA program comes from the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the rents paid by the housing choice voucher participants. Participants pay approximately 30 percent of their earned income for rent

Sector work could focus on adding material on implementation/rolling out/challenges/debates of programs to:

- Section 8 (housing)

3.Alternative Models


 * 3.1.3 Inclusionary Affordable Housing Program
 * Inclusionary zoning ordinances require housing developers to reserve a percentage between 10-30% of housing units from new or rehabilitated projects to be rented or sold at a below market rate for low and moderate-income households. According to United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, market-rate projects help to develop diverse communities, and ensure access to similar community services and amenities regardless of socioeconomic status. Most inclusionary zoning is enacted at the municipal or county level. For example, San Francisco’s Planning Code Section 415 (set forth the requirements and procedures for the Inclusionary Affordable Housing Program) "requires residential projects of 10 or more units to pay an Affordable Housing Fee, or to provide a percentage of units as affordable “on-site” within the project or “off-site” at another location in the City (Planning Code § 415, 419)."

...and to US section of Affordable Housing by Country

Add affordable housing in San Francisco

Area
City Programs -- San Francisco Bay Area

Sector
1.1 Public Housing Although both public housing and affordable housing are used interchangeably, the two have different types of qualifying criteria. Public Housing traces back its history to 1937 United States Housing Act and President Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal. The program started as an initiative to improve housing accessibility to low-income families who could not afford to pay market price housing. Although public housing was initially build to aid the poor and as a rehabilitation project to end overcrowding and slums, public housing was discriminatory towards Afro Americans and People of Color. In the 1960's as social movements began to emerge and era of social justice took notice, President Kennedy in 1962 executive order 11063 the Fair Housing Act an end to discrimination in housing.

1.2 Affordable housing: Section 8 housing Recipients Section 8 housing is a federal program that helps to assist low-income families, elderly, and disabled individuals to afford decent and safe housing. Vouchers holders seek housing in the private rental market instead of public housing. The amount of money the program will cover depends on the family's household income. To be eligible applicants must meet the area’s median income based on family size. There are three categories based on income: 80 percent of the area's income median is considered low-income, 50 percent of the area's median income is considered very low income, and 30 percent or less of the area's median income is considered extremely low-income. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a social welfare sector in the Executive Branch of the United States Government which works with local public housing authorities to serve eligible program voucher recipients. Section 8 housing recipients find a local housing authority in the are in which they want to reside.

1.3 Inclusionary Zoning was developed as a policy in the 1970's in response to exclusionary and segregated zones that limited housing to mostly the upper middle class. Developers are required to make available a percentage of new developments for subsidized affordable housing. Gentrification of San Francisco has created a demand for housing and development. However, much of the development in San Francisco is undermined by developers since cities and counties have been prohibited from requiring a percentage of rental housing be set-aside as affordable.

San Francisco

The Mayor's Office of Housing and Community Development provides funding to over 150 nonprofit partners to service San Francisco residents, especially those in low- income or communities. The MOHCD promotes its services though a combination of federal, state, and city funds for the following areas:


 * Eviction Defense and Tenant Empowerment
 * Alternative Dispute Resolution in Supportive Housing
 * Access to New Housing
 * Sustainable Homeownership
 * Housing, Rental Assistance and Services for Persons Living with HIV
 * Homeless Services Note: Starting the summer of 2018, these services will be managed by the Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing.