User:Jhayes21/sandbox

Preliminary Outline
Lead: Paraptosis is a type of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, distinct from necrosis. It is biochemically distinct and kinetically slower than apoptosis.


 * Lead should have a general description of paraptosis.

History/discovery of paraptosis
First recorded use of the word 'paraptosis', by who/what were they doing.


 * Might not be essential, but could be interesting background.

Specific description of paraptosis pathway
More in-depth than the lead, contrast with apoptosis and other forms of cell death.

Regulation of paraptosis.

1)	Morphology


 * a)	Major structural rearrangement:
 * i)	Cell becomes rounded
 * ii)	Prominent vacillation causes cytoplasmic reorganization
 * b)	Additionally:
 * i)	Lack of cell membrane blebbing,
 * ii)	Lack of nuclear shrinkage,
 * iii)	Lack of pyknosis.
 * c)	Distinctions from:
 * i)	Apoptotsis
 * (1)	Apoptosis inhibitors are ineffective in preventing paraptosis
 * (2)	Pyknosis
 * (3)	Plasma membrane blebbing,
 * (4)	Activation of caspase-3
 * (5)	DNA fragmentation

2)	Proteome Profile occurring during paraptosis
 * a)	Protein alterations:
 * i)	Signal transduction protein changes
 * ii)	Structural proteins
 * iii)	Mitochondrial proteins
 * iv)	Cellular metabolic protein
 * b)	Microtubule disorganization
 * i)	Changes in alpha-tubulins
 * ii)	Changes in β-tubulins

Examples of paraptosis
Some of the examples of paraptosis pathways found in our research.

4)	Cellular
 * a)	Induced by: IGF-IR
 * b)	Signal transduction execution
 * i)	MAPK
 * ii)	JNK
 * c)	Inhibited by: AIP1/Alix, PEBP
 * d)	Possible functional role: prohibitin (overexpressed prohibitin)

Potential applications
Cancer drugs/research, neurodegenerative disease/neural development.

Basically, why is knowing about paraptosis important?

5)	Medical
 * a)	Neurological
 * i)	Ischemic damage
 * ii)	Alzheimer’s Disease
 * (1)	hippocampus has decreased levels of PEBP protein expression levels and its mRNA
 * b)	Cancers
 * i)	Breast
 * ii)	Colon

6)	Potential Therapeutic Application

In Vitro Reconstitution of the End Replication Problem
It has been widely accepted that shortening of telomeres is a consequence of the natural cell cycle. Every replication results in the very ends of the lagging strand’s daughter to become slightly shorter. This is known as the end replication problem. In order to observe this phenomenon a group of scientists utilized in vitro replication of simian virus 40 DNA. In this experiment, they successfully labeled the ends of linear DNA with biotin and were able to conjugate them to beads coated with avidin. These bead-bound products were purified and examined. Successful demonstration of these products from the DNA template indicated replication had take place and this method could be utilized as a tool to further examine telomere replication.

DNA Polymerase ε: A Polymerase Of Unusual Size (and Complexity)
During the early 1990s, the cloning of the gene encoding the third of the discovered eukaryotic polymerases, Pol ε enabled studies to determine its role. Currently, Pol ε is known for replication and repair of DNA and cell cycle control. Additionally, the transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring is ensured stable by Pol ε. Lastly,Pol ε plays a role in chromatin remolding.

Summary of Characteristics of Target Article
In order to take an article from a stub level to a B/GA level there is certain criteria that must be made. To review, a stub article is described as needing much work. The article may be the equivalent of a dictionary definition, unclear material or not pertinent to the subject.

In order to be consider a B level, there are 6 criteria that must be made including (1) “suitably referenced” and “inline citations” (2) a large percentage of material needed for an A-Class article is present. (3) orderly structure with lead section (4)”reasonably well-written” (5) diagrams, illustrations, and other supporting material if appropriate and (6) content is presented for a diverse audience.

In order to become a GA the article must pass an official review. Notable difference between a B article and a GA article include: (1) the article adheres to Manual of Style recommendations (2) all references are listed and following the layout style (3) follows the Summary Style (4) there is a lack of bias in embodied viewpoints (5) the article is considered steady or without ongoing content dispute and Lastly, (6) images include captions and copyright status.

Wikipedia
Wikipedia has 5 pillars.

Pillar 1
Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia". This is elaborated on by emphasizing what wikipedia is not. Wikipedia is neither a soapbox, nor a dictionary. Additionally, its purpose should not be confused with its sister projects including "wiktionary, wikinews, wikibooks, and wikisources".

Pillar 2
Pillar 2 includes "Wikipedia has a neutral point of view". Wikipedia strives to do this by presenting various view points (when possible) as contextually accurate as possible.

Pillar 3
Pillar 3 states "Wikipedia is free content". Thus, wikipedia stresses to not plagiarize and that writer contributions are unowned and able to be modified and recirculated.

Pillar 4
Pillar 4 indicates "Editors should interact with each other in a respectful and civil manner". In order to follow pillar 4, wikipedia provides instructions in following proper etiquette and notes appropriate outlets/suggestions for the  resolution of (somewhat inevitable) conflict.

Pillar 5
Lastly, Pillar 5 says "Wikipedia does not have firm rules". It is noted that flexibility in rules is done so in hope of allowing the continued evolution of interpretation and to not potentially hinder the "spirt" of wikipedia by literal wording.