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 * link to EB: atheism


 * link to EB: Wittgenstein


 * link to EB: space
 * link to EB: metaphysics
 * link to EB: time
 * link to EB: 'metaphysics: space and time

ARIS 2008
Highlights
 * 1) The ARIS 2008 survey was carried out during February-November 2008 and collected answers from 54,461 respondents who were questioned in English or Spanish.
 * 2) The American population self-identifies as predominantly Christian but Americans are slowly becoming less Christian.
 * 3) * 86% of American adults identified as Christians in 1990 and 76% in 2008.
 * 4) * The historic Mainline churches and denominations have experienced the steepest declines while the non-denominational Christian identity has been trending upward particularly since 2001.
 * 5) * The challenge to Christianity in the U.S. does not come from other religions but rather from a rejection of all forms of organized religion.
 * 6) 34% of American adults considered themselves “Born Again or Evangelical Christians” in 2008.
 * 7) The U. S. population continues to show signs of becoming less religious, with one out of every five Americans failing to indicate a religious identity in 2008.
 * 8) * The “Nones” (no stated religious preference, atheist, or agnostic) continue to grow, though at a much slower pace than in the 1990s, from 8.2% in 1990, to 14.1% in 2001, to 15.0% in 2008.
 * 9) * Asian Americans are substantially more likely to indicate no religious identity than other racial or ethnic groups.
 * 10) One sign of the lack of attachment of Americans to religion is that 27% do not expect a religious funeral at their death.
 * 11) Based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification in 2008, 70% of Americans believe in a personal God, roughly 12% of Americans are atheist (no God) or agnostic (unknowable or unsure), and another 12% are deistic (a higher power but no personal God).
 * 12) America’s religious geography has been transformed since 1990. Religious switching along with Hispanic immigration has significantly changed the religious profile of some states and regions. Between 1990 and 2008, the Catholic population proportion of the New England states fell from 50% to 36% and in New York it fell from 44% to 37%, while it rose in California from 29% to 37% and in Texas from 23% to 32%.
 * 13) Overall the 1990-2008 ARIS time series shows that changes in religious self-identification in the first decade of the 21st century have been moderate in comparison to the 1990s, which was a period of significant shifts in the religious composition of the United States.

Cities
The United States has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in U.S. culture, heritage, and economy. In 2004, 251 incorporated places had populations of at least 100,000, including 11 of the world's 55 global cities. In the table below are the ten most populous cities, according to U.S. Census Bureau 2004 estimates. ; the ten most populous metropolitan areas; and all 11 global cities.

Charles Dickens versus Karl Marx: the British debate
A debate was waged in England over which side to support in the war. Two views emerged. Tax historian Charles Adams has selected two authors that he considers the most prominent representaives of these views in England. One of the early voices in Britain was that of Karl Marx, who contended that the major cause of secession was slavery – and that the tariff was just a pretext. Marx wrote, in October 1861: Naturally, in America everyone knew that from 1846 to 1861 a free trade system prevailed, and that Representative Morrill carried his protectionist tariff through Congress only in 1861, after the rebellion had already broken out. Secession, therefore, did not take place because the Morrill tariff had gone through Congress, but, at most, the Morrill tariff went through Congress because secession had taken place.

Following Lincoln's orders early in the American Civil War rescinding the orders (of Union generals) freeing slaves in captured territories, people in England (and even in the North) began to doubt the genuineness of the claim that slavery was the cause of the war. The tariff hurt the British economy and many British newspapers opposed it, siding with the South, and contending that the tariff was the major reason why the Southern states wanted to secede. A single unsigned article taking this viewpoint appeared in Charles Dickens' magazine All the Year Round on 28 December 1861:

"If it be not slavery, where lies the partition of the interests that has led at last to actual separation of the Southern from the Northern States? &hellip;Every year, for some years back, this or that Southern state had declared that it would submit to this extortion only while it had not the strength for resistance. With the election of Lincoln and an exclusive Northern party taking over the federal government, the time for withdrawal had arrived &hellip; The conflict is between semi-independent communities [in which] every feeling and interest [in the South] calls for political partition, and every pocket interest [in the North] calls for union &hellip; So the case stands, and under all the passion of the parties and the cries of battle lie the two chief moving causes of the struggle. Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this, as of many other evils.&hellip; [T]he quarrel between the North and South is, as it stands, solely a fiscal quarrel."

Like nearly all articles from All the Year Round, the article was printed without naming its author. Whether this article (and another on a similar topic a week earlier) was written by Dickens or by staff writer Henry Morley is disputed, but historians generally agree that the article does reflect Dickens' opinions on the Morrill Tariff as they are similar to his privately stated views on the subject 1.

Many modern historians have tended to preserve these opposing positions that developed in England, with few if any exploring any middle ground. Economist Thomas DiLorenzo has identified the Morrill Tariff as an underlying cause for the Civil War. He contends that the tariff was a source of major irritation for the south, and also note that many northerners opposed secession for fear that it would undermine the Morrill Tariff's implementation and the protection they received from it.

Dickens Studies

 * Ackroyd, Peter. Dickens, Harper Collins - 1991 ISBN 0099437090
 * Adams, Charles. When in the Course of Human Events: Arguing the Case for Southern Secession, Rowman and Littlefield - 2000 ISBN 0847697223
 * Adrian, Arthur. "Dickens on American Slavery", Journal of the Modern Language Association, Vol. 67, No. 4 - 1952
 * Graham Storey, editor. The Letters of Charles Dickens,The Pilgrim Edition, Volume Nine 1859-1861, Clarendon Press – Oxford, 1997, Assistant Editor: Margaret Brown, Consultant: Kathleen Tillotson ISBN 0198122934
 * Graham Storey, editor. The Letters of Charles Dickens, The Pilgrim Edition, Volume Ten 1862-1864, Clarendon Press – Oxford, 1998, Assistant Editor: Margaret Brown, Consultant: Kathleen Tillotson ISBN 0198122942