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Ison, J.L., Wagenius, S., Reitz, D. and Ashley, M.V. (2014), Mating between Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae) individuals increases with their flowering synchrony and spatial proximity. American Journal of Botany, 101: 180-189. https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.3732/ajb.1300065

Aarland RC, Bañuelos-Hernández AE, Fragoso-Serrano M, Sierra-Palacios ED, Díaz de León-Sánchez F, Pérez-Flores LJ, Rivera-Cabrera F, Mendoza-Espinoza JA. Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic and antiproliferative activities of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia extracts. Pharm Biol. 2017 Dec;55(1):649-656. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1265989. PMID: 27951745; PMCID: PMC6130640.

- greater antioxidant activity in

Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A., Gibbons, S. and Phillipson, J.D. (2005), Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57: 929-954. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357056127 '

Mudge E, Lopes-Lutz D, Brown P, Schieber A. Analysis of alkylamides in Echinacea plant materials and dietary supplements by ultrafast liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Aug 10;59(15):8086-94. doi: 10.1021/jf201158k. Epub 2011 Jul 7. PMID: 21702479.

- Alkylamides

Chicca A, Adinolfi B, Martinotti E, Fogli S, Breschi MC, Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Nieri P. Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea root hexanic extracts on human cancer cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Mar 1;110(1):148-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.013. Epub 2006 Sep 23. PMID: 17052874.

- Antiproliferation effects on pancreatic cancer cells!


 * Kumar AS, Mazumder A, Vanitha J, Sivakumar T. 2008. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Indian medicinal plants. Pharmacogn Mag. 4:143–147. [Google Scholar]

- phenols and flavonoids

Vaverkova, Stefania, Mistríková, Ingrid, and Vaverková, Štefánia. "Morphology and Anatomy of Echinacea Purpurea, E. Angustifolia, E. Pallida and Parthenium Integrifolium." Biologia 62.1 (2007): 2-5. Web.

- Morphology and anatomy

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Echinacea_angustifolia_-_01Aug2009_-_02.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Echinacea_angustifolia_-_01Aug2009_-_01.jpg

flower head picture citation

Cultural Importance
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