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Cognitive effects to alcohol consumption
The cognitive effects will affect the way that a person how to think, learn and remember the daily things. The brain has different parts and has different mental abilities, so damaging one part of the brain will affect some skills such as memory, understanding, solving problems and speed of thought.

Alcohol consumption: Keller and Vaillant (2014) discussed that alcoholic’s consumption means drinking alcohol and the beverages which containing alcohol. Alcohol consumption is connected with alcoholic beverages. An alcoholic beverage is a drink and psychoactive drug containing ethyl alcohol, which is commonly referred to as ethanol.

Perception
Perception: is perceived the act or faculty, or comprehending the senses, mind and cognition. In other words, when an individual gets a stimulus in a moment, perception will happen automatically without individuals’ awareness. The perception can be divided into seven parts; they are modal perception (e.g. someone sees only three points in a triangular object, he/she knows the hidden points on the other side), color perception (e.g. describes the visual senses), speech perception (e.g. understanding others and arranging the vocals when another person speaks), harmonic perception, rhythmic perception, depth perception and form perception (like when seeing an orange, one immediately knows that it is round and has a rough texture on the skin that protects the soft interior.). But alcohol consumption affects color perception.

When individuals drink a lot of alcohol every day, he/she might become alcoholism. They might have serious interpersonal difficulties that may correlate to facial expressions’ distorted perception. Also, alcoholics’ behavior may be related to specific parts of facial expression’s perception. Oscar-Berman et al. (1990) suggested that Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff alcoholics will do an overestimated intensive evaluation through full-down facial expression. Philippot et al. (1999) did a similar experiment to confirm this result, while he extended the research which included three sections: moderate, weak and neutral intensity to test facial expression. In this research, Philippot et al. (1999) also found that alcoholic subjects will have interpersonal conflict when they identifying anger and contempt faces. Schandler et al. (1996) suggested that in a facial expression recognition task, alcoholic got worse results than the control group, they could not recognize different facial expression. This could be due to visual information processing.

Attention
Attention: means concentrating a single object or thought, especially on choosing from a complex narrowing stimulus range. Josephs and Steele (1990) did an attention-allocation model. The model suggests that alcohol consumption limits attentional resources to the most salient environmental cues. It is suggested that using memory task to test individuals’ attention. In this model, they divided the individual into two groups, one is having alcohol, and another is without alcohol. The result of this test is that the individuals who have intoxicated will perform worse on the memory task than those sober.

Memory
Memory: White and Swartzwelder(2004) reported that alcohol influence individual’s ability to form new and lasting memory, this kind memory is far greater than recalling previous memories or forming new information in memory for just few seconds. Acheson et al. (1998) did an experiment about young adults whose age are 21 to 29 drinking alcohol or not to remember the word lists. In this study, they found that if the participants have the intoxicated, they will recall the word lists immediately after the lists appeared before, but they could not recall the list after 20 minutes. In addition, alcohol also affects the ability to remember the facts (like names, phone numbers) or the events which happened in previous night. This is because the different parts of the brain have different functions.

When evaluating the effects of alcohol and memory, Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) did a classic model which included sensory memory (to remember things in a few seconds), short-term memory (remember things from seconds to minutes depending on whether the information is simple or complex), and long-term storage. In the model of the memory, the information is transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory, then to the long-term memory, but this process is depending on how long the person keeps the primary information active in short–term memory. Also the depth of the process is influenced the information transferred. Ryback (1971) did an early review about intoxicated subjects could repeat new information immediately after its presentation and can send the information to a short-term memory in a few minutes, but it was still depending on the subjects focusing on the information. Westrick et al. (1988); Mintzer and Griffiths ( 2002) did a research about remembering items like words list or faces when the participants drink alcohol. If they drink at such levels of alcohol, it is difficult to form memories for items on word lists or recognize new faces.

Motor skills
Motor skills are those functions that muscles, hand, feet, etc work together. They are always executing specific actions, such as walking/running, driving a car, picking up an object/moving it. Motor skills also connect with sensory channels. These channels include sight, sound, touch, smell and even tastes. If an independent drinks alcohol, one of the channels will be limited.

Muscle Control
The Pennsylvania DUI Association made a large amount of researches about alcohol’s effect on body systems. In one research, alcohol affects the central nervous system which means when the individual drink alcohol, the messages that are carried to and from the brain and the body’s muscles can be slowed delivery. For example, the incoming signals from the brain, like the painful sensory that will decrease the injury’s awareness. Also the signals from the brain to the muscles will lead the motor skills becoming insensitive.

Vision
When a person drinks alcohol, it may decrease his/her visional effective motor control. According to the Pennsylvania DUI Association, alcohol reduces the ability of vision in several ways, such as a narrowed field vision, distinguish different colors. Whether they could not see clearly of their surroundings, it may lead individuals to make mistakes in their motor control.

Problem solving
The Remote Associates Test (RAT) can test the effects of moderate alcohol on a creative problem solving tasks. Kim et al. (2007), Ricks et al. (2007), Wiley and Jarosz(2012) discussed a promising mechanism that alcohol has effects on executive function. It will reduce the ability of the individuals’ controlling their attention and will have a positive influence for the selected cognitive task, including problem solving tasks. The RAT allows the participants to choose multiple items in a short presentation time during the course of a single session, for example, there are three target words, such as PEACH, ARM and TAR, then individual choose the letter to form a new phrase, like PIT. In this test, the individual who drinking alcohol should solve more RAT items than those sober control condition, or they may solve more quickly.

Decision making
Rogers et al. (2003) developed a task to study the acute effect of alcohol on decision making. In this task, the participants were divided into two ‘gambles’, participants can choose any gambles to win or lose, and he/she can get the reward or punishment information respectively. The task also contains risk aversion and risk-seeking behavior. The result is that the participants will choose high probability winning gambles and large possibility. The interaction of these effects was altered by the individuals who drinks alcohol compared to those who receiving placebo.

Self-regulation
There is some previous research exploring the correlation between self-regulation (SR) and alcohol consumption. For example, Carey et al. (2004) did a study of 391 college students about the relationship between SR and alcohol. They found that there was a significant and negative relationship between SR and aggregating alcohol consequences, but not to alcohol consumption. Neal and Carey, (2005) reported that in a self-report, independent sample of how much alcohol they have consumed, who had lower SR scores will increase the levels of negative alcohol consequence even though the alcohol consumption and social desirability were controlled.

Neal and Carey (2007) did an evaluation of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences which had 206 undergraduate students that completed daily drinking diaries for 4 weeks. In this evaluation, SR and impulsivity were defined as moderating variables. It suggested that during a specific drinking event, the participants with higher levels of SR and lower levels of impulsivity were less likely to experience alcohol-related consequence when the level of drinking increased than those independents with lower levels of SR and higher levels of impulsivity. However, when controlling for SR, impulsivity failed to moderate the relationship between alcohol-related consequence and alcohol consumption, because impulsivity is a component of the self-regulatory system. Also, impulsivity may be related to neuropsychological research, it is suggested that SR is an important part of executive function.