User:Jiwanaka/sandbox

Alphabet
The Tiruray alphabet is not in any particular order, but based on the lexicon which was also arbitrarily chosen is: ˀ, a, b, k, d, e, é, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, ŋ, o, r, s, t, u, w, and y. That's a total of 22 letters in their alphabet.

Phonology
There are a couple of differences in the Tiruray language that makes it special compared to some of the other Austronesian languages. The first of those differences would be a six-vowel system. The second is that there is a lack of a bilabial stop. The third difference is that because of the previous difference there is a bilabial fricative in its place.

Vowels
The Tiruray language has 6 vowels in their vocabulary. The following vowels: a, i, and é have allophones used before the t, k, voiced stops, nasals, l, and r in closed syllables. The vowels are split into three categories: front vowels, middle vowels, and back vowels.

Syllables
With Tiruray the syllable structure does not allow for a vowel (V) to be preceded by a vowel, but must have a consonant (C) in the form of CVC or CV. Majority of the Tiruray language has two syllable word bases with stems of one to five syllables. There can be as many as eight syllables in a word due to the use of affixes on a word.

Any consonant can be used in a word as long as it follows the CVC or CV structure with a some exceptions to the rule. The letters /w/ and /y/ never follow after /i/, same rule applies to /w/ after /u/.

Stress
The primary stress on words in their language is placed on the third from the last syllable or the second to the last syllable of a word with four syllables or more. Secondary stress is possible on polysyllabic words in their language as well, they are preceding the primary stress by two syllables. The lexicon did not have any examples of how the stress was emphasized on each of the words as they were non-contrastive and non-phonetic.

Nouns
A prominent mark of Tiruray nouns is the nominal marker /é/. Pluralism of nouns is effected by placing the plural marker /de/ before them and deleting /é/.

Mitem i rawen é.

black- cloud

'The cloud is black.'

In the next example the 'rawen' 'cloud' is pluralized by placing the /de/ before it and removing /é/.

Mitem i de rawen.

black- pl- cloud

'The clouds are black.'

Verbs
The Tiruray verbs are made up of an affix and verb base. There are used in different ways from case to case. The verbs can be split into three categories that are verb 1, verb 2, and verb 3.

Verbs that are accepted in a case frame having an objective actant are classed as verb 1. Example of verb 1 usage:

Menley u beˀ sabon

bought-I- soap

'I bought soap'

Verb 2 do not require an objective actant in the case frame. Examples of Verb 2:

Lementu u.

run -       I

'I am running'

Verb 3 refers to the forms that accept affixes and are verbalized. Verb 3 is divided into Verb 3a and 3b. Verb 3a are those verbalized nouns that do not need any agent actant. Examples of such nouns are 'ranaˀ' 'rain', 'lubaˀ' 'earthquake', etc.

Forms that accept affirmation aside from those mentioned above are Verb 3b and they can occur with actants. 'Menintura' 'painted' which has the noun 'fintura' 'paint' for its root word, and 'melansa' 'ironing' from the noun 'felansa' 'flat iron' are examples of Verb 3b.

Actant
An actant is any one of the constituents which can enter a case relationship. There are six Tiruray actants that can enter into a case relationships with the verb. They are the Agent, Object, Dative, Benefactive, Instrument, and Locative.

Agent
Agent is the source responsible for the action identified by the verb or the perceived instigator of the action identified by the verb.

Basae i Rosa é i libro é

read-    Rosa     - book

'Rosa reads the book.'

Object
Refers to the things or persons affected by the action or state identified by the verb.

Menuwit i Maria é beˀ kaˀan é ˀeŋaˀ.

brought -Maria -      her -    child

'Maria brought her child.'

Benefactive
This is the case of the animate being for whom an action chosen by the verb is carried out or the case of the animate being for whom an object specified in the Proposition is intended or reserved.

Menley u safiyu fara ka Marina é.

bought-I- hat-   for-    Marina

'I bought a hat for Marina.'

Locative
Indicates the spatial orientation of the action or state identified by the verb.

Semayaw i ˀeŋaˀ é dob beˀ ˀiroˀo mo é.

jump   - child-             bed- your

'The child is jumping in your bed.'

Dative
the case of the animate being directly affected by the action or the state identified by the verb.

Semulat i Linda é dob beˀ ˀideŋ no é beˀ bayuk.

write-   Linda-          mother-her-    poem

'Linda writes her mother a poem.'

Instrument
Marks the actuant which expresses the object or being, which is used as an instrument or means in carrying out the action or state identified by the verb.

Benaˀus ku i ˀeŋaˀ é beˀ mot é.

wrapped-I-   child -      blanket

'I wrapped the child with the blanket.'

Word Order
The basic word order is the predicate followed by the series of NPs. The agentive or objective actant follows immediately after the predicate. When the agent is the topic, the agentive and objective actants may be changed without causing any semantic change.

Verb,    Agent,     Objective

(Miber) (i ˀeŋaˀ é) (beˀ batew é).

throw -child- stone

'The child throws the stone.'

Verb     Objective      Agent

(Miber) (beˀ batew é) (i ˀeŋaˀ é).

Throw - stone - child

'The child throws the stone.'

Both of these forms work provided this sentence and subject matter. In all other cases, any topicalized actant follows the agent.

Loan Words
The Tiruray people had adopted words from quite a few places and not all have been confirmed, but from what was found they were loaned words from: Chinese, English, Hiligaynon, Maguindanao, Spanish, and Tagalog. These are the confirmed languages as given by the opinions of the Tiruray speakers. A not listed language Tiruray had derived from is Sanskrit, but from the speakers of the language they stated that the words that resemble said language are native and of their own. Arabic is also a language they derived from, but fall under the category of Maguindanao.