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Saratoga campaign

Fact: Then, after losses in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, his deteriorating position and the ever-increasing size of the American army forced him to surrender his forces to the American general Horatio Gates on October 17.

MLA Citation: William A. & Donald W. Linebaugh Griswold, & Donald W. Linebaugh. (2016). The Saratoga Campaign. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England.

ISBN: 9781611688962

Quote: The battles of Saratoga proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War when British forces under the command of General John Burgoyne surrendered to American forces led by General Horatio Gates.

MLA Citation: Logusz, Michael. (2011). With musket & tomahawk: The turning point of the revolution : The Saratoga campaign 1777 (With Musket and Tomahawk Volume II). Casemate.

ISBN: 9781612002255

Phase 3

Source 1:

William A. & Donald W. Linebaugh Griswold, & Donald W. Linebaugh. (2016). The Saratoga Campaign. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/saratoga_campaign/0?institutionId=4855

This scholarly article specifically highlights the land that had to be abandoned by the Indians throughout this period. Furthermore, it proves they had very little leverage throughout these battles and were treated poorly. Much of what is discussed covers the direct conflict between the battles and goes into the result for Indians.

Source 2:

Logusz, Michael. (2011). With musket & tomahawk: The turning point of the revolution : The Saratoga campaign 1777 (With Musket and Tomahawk Volume II). Casemate. (Pg 185, Chapter XVI) http://web.a.ebscohost.com

This scholarly book talks on points when the Joseph Brant conducted raids on various Indian villages for not having the same direct beliefs as himself. This chapter in the book also speaks on the different methods and tactics for performing these raids and terrorizing the villagers in them at the time.

Phase 4

Paragraph: Throughout the work, a primary goal of the archaeologists and other scholars has been to locate the footprint of each building and thus to bring this estate back to life. History of the Schuyler Property In the Paleo-­ Indian period (ca. 10,000–8000 BC), Native Americans were already traveling along the Hudson River, just east of the Schuyler property,2 and prehistoric remains are extremely dense in the Schuyler yards and along Fish Creek (the “Fishkill”).3 These finds chiefly date from the Late Archaic period through the Middle Woodland period (ca. 3000 BC to AD 1000), although evidence from other periods has also been identified. Moving into the early historic period, Captain Johannes Schuyler (1668–1747) arrived and built a garrison house in the early 1700s. By 1745, his son, Philip Schuyler (uncle of General Philip Schuyler), had constructed approximately twenty buildings, most of them on the southern side of Fish Creek. The first figure 8.1. 1777 Schuyler house as it appears today (facing northeast).

Summary: General Shcuyler found a spot along side the Hudson River where the Indians had a few settlements. This housing area results in the Indians losing this fishing ground.

Paragraph: In mid-August, angered by his losses at Oriskany and seeking revenge, Joseph Brant began to conduct raids on various Indian villages sympathizing with-or suspected of doing so-the Patriot cause. Brant had encouraged Loyalists and Indians to support the King, yet despite his best efforts had failed. He wanted to not only punish the Indians who had failed to support the Crown, but also terrorize others into submission. Several Oneida villages were especially targeted.

Summary: Joseph Brant killed and tortured Indians who did not support the Crown.

Fact: On October 3, Clinton sailed up the Hudson River with 3,000 men, and on October 6, one day after receiving Burgoyne's appeal, captured the highland forts named Clinton and Montgomery.[108] Burgoyne never received Clinton's dispatches following this victory, as all three messengers were captured.[109] Clinton followed up the victory by dismantling the chain across the Hudson, and sent a raiding force up the river that reached as far north as Livingston Manor on October 16 before turning back. General Shcuyler found a spot along side the Hudson River where the Indians had a few settlements. This housing area results in the Indians losing this fishing ground.

Fact: Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger sailed up the St. Lawrence and crossed Lake Ontario to arrive at Oswego without incident. He had about 300 regulars, supported by 650 Canadian and Loyalist militia, and they were joined by 1,000 Indians led by John Butler and the Iroquois war chiefs Joseph Brant, Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter. Leaving Oswego on July 25, they marched to Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk River, and began besieging it on August 2. About 800 members of the Tryon County militia and their Indian allies marched to relieve the siege, but some of St. Leger's British and Indians ambushed them on August 6 at the bloody Battle of Oriskany. While the Americans held the field of battle, they retreated because of the heavy casualties they suffered, including the mortal wounding of their leader, General Nicholas Herkimer. Warriors from Iroquois nations fought on both sides of the battle, marking the beginning of a civil war within the Six Nations. During the Oriskany action, the besieged Americans staged a sortie from Fort Stanwix and raided the nearly empty Indian camp. Combined with the significant Indian casualties at Oriskany, this was a significant blow to Indian morale. Joseph Brant killed and tortured Indians who did not support the Crown and also did so for just being Indians.

Edit 1: On October 3, Clinton sailed up the Hudson River with 3,000 men, and on October 6, one day after receiving Burgoyne's appeal, captured the highland forts named Clinton and Montgomery.[109] Burgoyne never received Clinton's dispatches following this victory, as all three messengers were captured.[110] Clinton followed up the victory by dismantling the chain across the Hudson, and sent a raiding force up the river that reached as far north as Livingston Manor on October 16 before turning back. '''General Shcuyler found a spot along side the Hudson River to build a garrison house where the Indians had a few settlements. This housing area results in the Indians losing this fishing ground.'''[111][112] Word of Clinton's movements only reached Gates after the battle of Bemis Heights.[113]

Edit 2: Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger sailed up the St. Lawrence and crossed Lake Ontario to arrive at Oswego without incident. He had about 300 regulars, supported by 650 Canadian and Loyalist militia, and they were joined by 1,000 Indians led by John Butler and the Iroquois war chiefs Joseph Brant, Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter. Joseph Brant killed and tortured Indians who did not support the Crown.[59] Leaving Oswego on July 25, they marched to Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk River, and began besieging it on August 2. About 800 members of the Tryon County militia and their Indian allies marched to relieve the siege, but some of St. Leger's British and Indians ambushed them on August 6 at the bloody Battle of Oriskany. While the Americans held the field of battle, they retreated because of the heavy casualties they suffered, including the mortal wounding of their leader, General Nicholas Herkimer. Warriors from Iroquois nations fought on both sides of the battle, marking the beginning of a civil war within the Six Nations. During the Oriskany action, the besieged Americans staged a sortie from Fort Stanwix and raided the nearly empty Indian camp. Combined with the significant Indian casualties at Oriskany, this was a significant blow to Indian morale.[60]