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Current 15 minute city article:

The 15-minute city is a residential infrastructure ideology popularized by Mayor Anne Hidalgo of Paris. In a 15-minute city, all city residents are able to meet most of their needs within a short walk or bicycle ride from their homes. It has been described as a "return to a local way of life."

15-minute cities are built from a series of 15-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods.

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The 15-minute city refers to a built environment concept theorized by Carlos Moreno, where everyone in a certain city can meet their needs within a 15-minute walk or bicycle ride from their residences. 15-minute cities are built from a series of 15-minute neighborhoods, also known as complete communities or walkable neighborhoods.

History
The 15-minute city is derived in part from historical concepts of proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit and the model Jane Jacobs laid out in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, which Moreno cited as inspiration for his modern conception first published in 2016.

Anne Hidalgo, the Mayor of Paris, included the 15-minute city in her 2020 re-election campaign.

The global COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the consideration and implementation of the 15-minute city. The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, in July 2020, published a framework for cities to "build back better" with the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in Milan, Madrid, Edinburgh, and Seattle after COVID-19 outbreaks.

Models
While Carlos Moreno first proposed the 15-minute city in 2016, other authors have proposed similar but different models within in the realm of "chrono-urbanism".

Moreno and the 15-minute city
Moreno et al., in their 2021 article, introduce the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions (living, working, commerce, healthcare, education, and entertainment) within a 15-minute walk or bike from their dwellings. The 15-minute city framework of this model has four components: density, proximity, diversity, and digitalization.

Moreno et al. cite the work of Nikos Salingaros, who posits that there exists an optimal density for urban development which would encourage local solutions to local problems. The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time, and argue that a 15-minute city would decrease both the time and space necessary for activity by increasing proximity to services. Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to both mixed-use development and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno et al. argue would improve the urban experience and increase community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities. Moreno et al. argue that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. Moreno et al. conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.

Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood
Weng et al., in their 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, propose the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, specifically non-communicable diseases. The authors posit the 15-minute walkable neighborhood as a way to improve health of residents, and documented existing disparities in walkability within Shanghai. The authors found that rural areas on average are significantly less walkable, and that areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.

Da Silva and the 20-minute city
Da Silva et al., in their 2019 article using Tempe, Arizona, as a case study, propose the 20-minute city, where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.

Europe
Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign, and began implementing the concept during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds have been converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.

North America
Portland, in 2012, developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, promoting community-driven development, and commerce in historically underserved neighborhoods. Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to combat non-communicable diseases like obesity, and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food. The Portland plan notably calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.

Oceania
Melbourne developed Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl.

Implications and critique
While many cities have implemented policies that resemble the 15-minute city concept, there remains disagreement over whether the model benefits cities. Critics have pointed out that the creation of dense, walkable cores, like a 15-minute neighborhood, often lead to gentrification and displacement. In addition, critics have noted that models are not universal, as some cities are more likely to implement the concept than others.