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= Draft:Child Poverty in Norway = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Norway is a rich developed country which is famous for universal welfare services and statutory rights benefit illness and unemployment. In recent years, it has been seen the economic growth and drop in the unemployment rate in Norway. However,at the same time, Norway is one of the western middle power, which is influenced by global poverty. The question of how those in poverty should be defined, and by what criteria, has acquired renewed political relevance. Child poverty is derived from poverty of original household in which poor children live, which is an unaddressed problem among many prosperity around the world.This poverty also has profound impact on both society and politics, therefore, it is important to pay attention to government launched policy against the poverty as well as subsidies that established to ensure the social security. Nonetheless, Norway has experienced a significant drop in child poverty rate,meaning that sharing this method will likely benefit other countries that in the similar situation.

Contents

 * 11.The Measurement of Child Poverty
 * 22.Immigrant Children in Norway
 * 33.The crucial Aid Policy
 * 44.The Impact of Poverty on Children
 * 4.14.1 Physical Health
 * 4.24.2 Emotional and Behavioral Outcome
 * 55.Child Poverty Trends
 * 66.Reference

The Measurement of Child Poverty[edit]
The core in poverty research is how to define people live in poverty. “Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities” (Townsend 1979:31).

Two methods are introduced to measure child poverty: one is the sharing unit and equivalence scale, another one is the poverty threshold and counting method. For the first one, the measurement resource is annual disposable income. Assuming that every person in household have the same poverty status and there is a difference between adults and children(under 18) according to the following formula: NEEDS=(ADULTS+0.7 *CHILDREN)^0.85 There are two types of poverty lines:absolute and relative lines. Absolute line also defined as fixed real prices poverty is the limit require for families living in specific condition to purchase goods and service. Relative line is referred as typical consumption standard.

Hence, three types of poverty lines are presented below:


 * 1) An overall median poverty line. This line is defined as half of the median of this variable among the overall population, which is a relative line.
 * 2) A child median poverty line based on the household income of children. This line only calculate the household income for children.
 * 3) The US official poverty line. This is set by US official that the threshold consumption for a couple plus two children is USD15,299.Average scores for questions about contact with the teacher, by poverty and immigrant status. Two cohorts of 10–12‐year‐olds. Scores 1 = disagree entirely, 4 = agree entirely.

Immigrant Children in Norway[edit]
Like many European countries, a large amount of non-western background people have immigrated to Norway in past few years. Most people arrive as refugee, reunited families and asylum seekers. It is found that immigrants are more vulnerable when facing poverty than residents. In 2004,Around 11% Norwegian live under poverty lines compared to 32% immigrants who are in poor condition. The child poverty is in the same pattern that only 6% Norwegian children lived in the poverty, while 29% immigrant children came from poor income families in 1998. Even new data is not available now, it is hard to be convinced that this scene has changed a lot. However, Further surveys have implied that compared to the Norwegian children, the immigrant children feel more enjoyment and achievement in school and have more contacts with teachers –– they tend to be more optimist.

Norwegian immigrant children from low‐income families, on the other hand, often have parents who themselves have experienced little success at school. Moreover, they seldom make big investments – such as relocating to a different country .Although they almost certainly hope their children will live good lives without poverty as adults, they really hope that their children may not go beyond solid working‐class occupations and a stable income. How children enjoy school, by poverty and immigrant status. Two cohorts of 10–12‐year‐olds, interviewed in 2003 and 2006.

The crucial Aid Policy[edit]
In Norway culture, there is a belief that we are all equal. The aid system has developed since World War Ⅱ,however, it was not treated as a serious problem. Since 1990s, the issue of poverty has been presented on the agenda of Norwegian government. At that time, the policy was solely focused on a few disadvantage groups. From 2005, this issue is no longer only regarded as a economic but also a structural problem. Thus, further measures are not aiming at solving poverty but adjust to improve social gradient. There is a development after this problem has been attached more importance.

The overall aim of aid policy can be outlined:


 * 1) An economic policy which facilitates high employment rates, stable economic growth and sustainable welfare arrangements;
 * 2) A further development of the Nordic welfare model;
 * 3) A broad preventive perspective; and
 * 4) Targeted measures to reduce poverty

Along with the aim, three goals have been come up with:


 * 1) Everybody should be able to be employed in paid work;
 * 2) There is a report called in 2006 'Work welfare, and inclusion' (Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion 2006a),which indicates measures to decrease unemployment for persons who are in trouble in the ordinary labour market. There are also programs to improve basic skills for adults.
 * 3) All children and young people should be able to participate in society and develop their potential; andIn Norway, education is based on a 10-year compulsory education and every student owns a right to enter upper secondary education. Higher education is free in the sense that there are no charge for school tuition fees.Improve living conditions for the most disadvantaged.Children and young people who are classified as target groups are viewed as disadvantaged people.Some measurements have been applied to improve the living condition of this group.

The Impact of Poverty on Children[edit]
Obesity extent – children ages 6–11,  Canada 1994, United States 1988–1994, Norway 1995. Source: National Longitudinal Survey   of Children and Youth (Canada); National  Health and Examination Survey III (United  States); Norwegian Health Survey (Norway).

Physical Health[edit]
According to National Health Interview Survey(1988), poor children were only 2/3 as likely to be in excellent health condition, and then are twice likely to be poor health than non poor children.

Child poverty plays an essential role in the extent of child obesity. A statistic conducted by S. A. Phipps, P. S. Burton, L. S. Osberg and L. N. Lethbridge indicates that poverty and obesity risk is highly associated. This method uses representative figure reports children height and weight in mid-1990s and calculate prevalence severity of obesity of child poverty for children aged 6 to 11 years old.

Emotional and Behavioral Outcome[edit]
Poor children from low income families are probably to suffer from poor emotional problems. Behavioral outcome is usually measure in two dimensions: external and internal. IHDP data set found that poor children come with more external and internal behavior problems more often. At the same time, younger children are easier to be affected by poor family than older children.

Child Poverty Trends[edit]
In general, the future picture for poverty for children median is much more favorable than overall median.Noticeably, it shows the child poverty rates during the 1990s—Norway is the only country whose child poverty rate has decreased significantly. Norway, is specially for its high lone motherhood rate but low in child poverty rate. However, this indicates that lone mother is still more struggle than couples or parents.There is not only one way to lower the child poverty, such transfers that managed to increase employment rate and along with other policy will never end up helping to decrease poverty rate.

Reference[edit]
1.Phipps, S. A., Burton, P. S., Osberg, L. S. and Lethbridge, L. N. (2006), Poverty and the extent of child obesity in Canada, Norway and the United States. Obesity Reviews, 7: 5-12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00217.x

2.Sandbæk, M. Child Ind Res (2013) 6: 53. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/10.1007/s12187-012-9157-3

3.''Fosse, E. . (2013). The politics of poverty in norway. Social Alternatives, 32(1).'' 4.Smeeding, Timothy M., Vleminckx, Koen. Child well-being, child poverty and child policy in modern nations (Revised 2nd Edition): What do we know? 5.Grødem, A. S. (2009), The impact of poverty and immigrant background on children's school satisfaction: evidence from Norway. International Journal of Social Welfare, 18: 193-201. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2008.00594.x

6.Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. (1997). The Effects of Poverty on Children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71. doi:10.2307/1602387