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Timothy Alpert and Richard Leary sought out to conduct research with psilocybin on prisoners in the 1960’s, testing its effects on recidivism. This experiment reviewed the subjects six months later, and found that the recidivism rate had decreased beyond their expectation, below 40%. This, and another experiment administering psilocybin to graduate divinity students, showed controversy.

For bib: Leary's Concord Prison Experiment https://maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.bk.html

Animal research, such as the research conducted by Dr. Juan Sanchez-Ramos, in June of 2013, is experimental research, in which he and his team, at the University of South Florida, studdied the effects of a low dose psilocybin treatment to conditioned fear on mice. The experiment consisted of mice being exposed to "trace fear" conditioning; the mice expereinced an auditory tone, followed by an electric shock. The mice were broken into two groups, with one group being treated with psilocybin, and the other, a saline solution. After the mice were conditioned, the electric shock was removed, and the experiment then quantified the existence of traced fear by meausering the extent of time it took for the mice to regain mobility after the tone (a defensive mechanism to this type of stimuli, in mice, is immobility ) The "extinction" of fear was determined by the mice maintaining mobility throughout the time the auditory tone was played after a series of ten trials. The group of mice that were treated with psilocybin showed a much more accelerated rate of "extinction" then the control group.The research hypothesizes that, in the mice treated with psilocybin, the area in the brain called the Amygdala, which mediates fear, is being affected, and therefore, is reducing the amount of time it takes for the mice treated with psilocybin to disassociate the tone with fear. Dr. Juan Sanchez-Ramos conceived that his research will help determine whether or not psilocybin can be used for patients who are deemed to have a "treatment-resistant psychiatric disorder." The results from his research are being used to support the hypothesis that psilocybin can aid in the treatment of those suffering from Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Psilocybin Mushrooms, and spores, are illegal for consumption, traffic, and possession. Including for personal or medical use, according to German law.

For bib: Developmental rodent models of fear and anxiety: from neurobiology to pharmacologyhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209932 Low doses of psychedelic drug erases conditioned fear in micehttps://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/blog/2013/07/15/low-doses-of-psychedelic-drug-erases-conditioned-fear-in-mice