User:Jnestorius/Coign and livery

Short bits
"The area comprising the maghery [of the Pale] was codified in 1477 and in 1488, when the parliament ordered that coyne and livery, a much-hated form of billeting, could not be imposed on the maghery but only on the marches, where major English landowners used coyne and livery to maintain the forces required to combat incursions" [review of Sparky Booker]

"[Richard] Beacon undertakes to enclose 300 acres for horses and deer, and have free warren and park; he and all the inhabitants shall be exonerated from all corrodies, fees, cesses, tolls, taxes, tallage, cuttings, reliefs, refections, coyne, livery, kerntoe, coshery, cuddy, quelletteny, gyllycon, and all other burdens and impositions". [28 February 1594]

"the Irish impositions of Coyne and Liverie, Cartings, carriages, loadings, cosherings, bonnaght, and such like"

"The establishment of English law and administration in the lordships in Clare came about after Sir Henry Sidney, the Lord Deputy, progressed through Thomond in February 1576 and abolished the ancient customs of ‘Coigny, Kernetty and Bonaght’ and forced Conor O’Brien, the third Earl of Thomond, to acquiesce authority for the earldom to the new English administration."

"throughout the [16th] century treatise writers uniformly identified ‘coign and livery’, the catch-all term used to describe the system of Gaelic bastard-feudal exactions taken in the Irish lordships, as one of the central problems facing English government in Ireland."

'"'Coyne and livery', a practice which allowed Irish lords to quarter themselves and soldiers on their clansmen as a payment for protection, serves [in John Bale's Vocacyon] as a synecdoche for the 'defects' of Irish society."

"For the professional swordsmen, just recently threatened with extinction by the implications of a successful composition scheme, the captains' conduct supplied an ideal opportunity to demonstrate to their people that their supposed liberators from the traditional extortions of coyne and livery represented merely another version — an alien, unstable and unprincipled one of the old system." [Hence the Nine Years' War]

Carew vol. 3
"Names of Rents in money, victuals, and other revenues as were due to the late Earl of Desmond, and of the customs and exactions used to be taken upon the tenants."
 * Shraughe : a yearly rent in sterling money.
 * Marte : a yearly rent of beoffe[s].
 * Cheeffrey : a rent certain upon land paying halfeface money, which is the third part better than sterling.
 * Choyney : a charge of meat and drink for the time, sans nonibre.
 * Lyvcry : a charge of hoi"se with oats, com, hay, and straw, sans nombre.
 * Kearnety : a charge of S.s. 4d. or 4s. upon a plowland towards the maintenance of the Earl's kerne, 100, 200, or 300 men, more or less.
 * Sorren: a charge set upon the freeholders' lands for a number of galloglasses for certain days in a quarter.
 * Galloglas : a number of soldiers put to the country to charge, bearing axes.
 * Keerne : a number of soldiers to aid and assist tlie justices, seneschals, receivers, stewards of courts, and Serjeants in the execution of the Inws and customs of the countries and territories of the said late Earl's, for the rule and government of his people and lands, and the receiving, levying, and gathering of his revenues.
 * Bonnibeg and Bonneybur: Avere soldiers kept in readiness, as well in peace as in war, "at the charges," with meat and drink and wages.
 * Musterroon : a charge set upon the country to help the Earl in his works with cappells, garrans, and men at his own will.
 * Taxe and Tallage alias Southe : a convocation of all tenants, freeholders, and inhabitants to help to ]iay the Earl's debts, or to help him to money at his need.
 * Refection: is only repast and away.
 * Cosshery : a charge of the Earl's people for lodging 40, 60, or 100 together under one roof.
 * Cuddy : a charge of meals, meat, and drink the time he hath his people in coshery.
 * Gillicrie: is as much to say in English as a stud-keeper, allowed to be maintained by his tenants.
 * Gillycon: is as much to say as dog-keeper or hunts-man, in like manner allowed

Carew vol. 4
The Irish taxes or services are of two sorts, either made unto the King by the gentlemen towards their defence and maintenance of his forces in the country, as the Rising-out, Bonnagh, and Soren ; or else by the lord upon the tenant, as Coyne, Livery, Coshry, Teagui, Cuddy, and Blackrents.

Of the first sort :
 * Rising-out is a number of horsemen and kerne, which the Irishry and Englishry are to find in her Majesty's service at every general hosting, for defence of which numbers are also to be victualled by them for certain days ; some more, some less.
 * Bonnaght is of two sorts : Bonnaght-bonny and Bonnaght-beg.
 * Bonnagh-bonny, or at least as I take it, is a certain payment or allowance made unto her Majesty's galloglas or kerne by the Irishry only, who are severally bound to yield a yearly proportion both of money and victuals for their finding, every one according to his ability, so that the kerne and galloglas are kept all the year by the Irishry, and divided at times among them.
 * Bonnaght-beg, or little Bonnaght, is a proportion of money ratably charged upon every plowland toward the finding of the galloglas.
 * Soren is also a kind of allowance over and besides the Bonnaght, which the galloglas exact upon the poor people, by way of spending-money, viz., 2s. 8d. for a day and night, to be divided between three sparres (spears), for their meat, drink, and lodging.
 * And as this Bonnaght is found by the lords for the King's service, so also every particular lord hath a certain number for their own defence, some more, some less, and are maintained upon their tenants,
 * The sparr (spear) of gallo[glas] hath his allowance for a quarter's entertainment, in money 5s. 5d. ster., and in Connaught 1s. 4d. more; bread-corn, seven pecks, two hoops Irish, (one peck better than two of London) ; butter, 183 quarts, at 2d. le quart, which is for the one half of his diet, besides every four[th] man a dead pay, and for the other part of his diet he hath 2d. ster. per diem. And whether it be for an half quarter, a month, a fortnight, or less, his wages are all one. This difference only there is, that the half quartered (quarter's ?) Bonnaght is levied all in money, and no part in white meats or victuals, but hath for the same 4d. ster. per diem. And as this help is yielded unto her Majesty by the lords, so the lords exact the like upon their tenants again.

Of the second sort — The continuance of these three Irish exactions is the root and very foundations of the rebellions which have been in that country from time to time, both for that it giveth a mean to the lord to find and maintain so many idle persons in arms to attempt any villany at his commandment, as also for that it draweth the obedience of the subject from his prince unto the captain, and maketh the common sort to stand in awe, or know no other superiors than their Irish captains which thus exact upon them.
 * Coyny is as much to say as a placing of men and boys upon the country used by a prerogative of the Brehon Law (whereby they are permitted to take meat, drink, aqua-vitae, and money, of their hosts, without pay-making therefor, and besides rob them when they have done). As many as keep idle men take it outrageously where they come, and by the custom of the country it was lawful to place themselves upon whom they would. It is the beggaring of the country, and an intolerable evil without measure.
 * Livery is horse meat exacted for the horses of them which take coyny, or otherwise send them to the poor tenants to be fed. The tenants must find the horses and boys, and give them as much corn and sheaf oats as they will have, and for want of oats wheat and barley. If there be four or five boys to a horse, and sometimes there be, the tenant must be contented therewith, and yet beside reward the boys with money.
 * Foy is when their idle men require meat out of meal-time, or where they take money for the coyny of their host to go a begging to their neighbour. It is as much to say as a benevolence.

[*Spaces are left for definitions under each of these headings.]
 * Coshry is certain feasts which the lord useth to take of his tenants after Easter, Christenmas, Whitsuntide, and Michaelmas, and all other times at his pleasure. He goeth to their houses with all his train and idle men of his country, and leaveth them not until all they have be spent and consumed, .and so holdeth on this course till he have visited all his tenants one after another.
 * Teagui is rear suppers and chamber drinkings which they bestow upon their lords and other guests in their chambers after dinner or supper. It is ever used both by the mere Irish and English Irish wheresoever they be in the country; and so, when they come to any gentleman's house, they are served before dinner or supper by a kind of refreshing by the name of Teagui.
 * Blackrents*
 * Cuddies*

Butler 1842

 * A slightly different version edited by Richard Butler in 1842 includes "black rent".

THE SERUICES OF THE IRISHRIE DUE TO HER MAIESTY, THE SEVERALL EXACTIONS LEUIED BY THE IRISH LORDS UPON THEIR TENANTS, AND OF WHAT NATURE AND QUALLITYES THEY BE.

The Irish taxes or services are of two sortes, either made vnto the queene by the gentlemen towards their defence and mayntenance of her forces in the cuntrye, as Risingeout, Bonaght, and Soren, or els by the lord upon his tenant, as Coynye, Lyuerye, Cashery, Teignie, Cuddy, Blackrents, &c.

Of the first sortes, Risingout, is a certain number of horsmen and kerne, which the Irishrie and Engleshrye are to finde in her majesties service, at euery generall hostinge, for defence of the cuntrye against any forreine enemy, or other invadors, which numbers are also to be vittelled by them for certen daies, some more, some lesse.

Bonaght is of two sortes: Bonaght bonny, and Bonaght beg.

Bonaght bonny is a certen payment or allowance made vnto her Maiesties Galloglasse, or Kerne, by the Irishry onelye, who are severally bounde to yeeld a yearely proportion of victualls and money, of their findinge, euery one accordinge to his abillitye, so that the Kerne and Galloglasse are kept all the yeare by the Irishry, and devided at tymes among them.

Bonaght beg, or litle bonagh, is a proportion of mony, ratably charged vpon every plowland, towardes the findinge of the Galloglasse.

Soren is a kinde of allowance over and above the bonaght, which the Galloglass exact vpon the pore people, by waye of spendinge monye, viz. 2s. 8d. for a daye and a night, to be devided betweene three spares, for their meat, drinke, and lodginge. And as the Bonaght is fownde by the lordes for the Queenes service, so also every particuler lorde hath a certen number for their owne defence, some more, some lesse, and are maynteyned vpon their tenants.

Of the second sorte, Coynye is as much to saye as a placinge of men and boyes upon the cuntrye, vsed by a prerogatyve of the Brehon law, whereby they are permitted to take meate, drinke, aqua vitæ and money of their hostes, without paye-makinge therefore. As many as keepe idle men, take yt owtragiously where they come, and by the custome of the cuntry yt was lawfull to place themselves vpon whome they would. It is the beggeringe of the cuntry and an intollerable evill without measure.

Lyvery is horsemeat, exacted for the horses of those which take coyny, or otherwyse send them to the pore tenants to be fedd. The tenant must finde the horses and boyes and geve them as much corne and sheaffe otes wheat and barley as they will have, and yf there be two or thre boyes to a horse as sometymes there be, the pore tenant must be content therewith and yet besydes rewarde the boyes with mony.

Joye is when their idle men require meat and drinke out of meale tymes, or where they take mony for their coynye of the hoste to goe a begging to their neighbour, it is as much to saye as a benevolence. The contynuance of these and other Irish exactions is the very roote and fowndacion of the rebellions which have beene from tyme to tyme in that cuntry, both for that yt geveth a meane to the lord to mainteine so many idle persons in armes to attempt any villany at his comaunde, and also for that yt draweth the obedience of the subiect from his prince, vnto the capten, and maketh the common sorte to stande in awe or know no other superiors then their Irish captaynes which thus exacte upon them.

Cashery is certeine feastes which the lorde vseth to take of his tenants after Easter, Christmas, Whitsontyde, Michaelmas and all other tymes at his pleasure; he goeth to their howses with all his trayne and idle men of his cuntrye, and leaveth them not till all they have be spent, and consumed, and holdeth on this course till he have visited all his tenants one after other.

Teignie is reare-suppers and chamber drinkinges which they bestow of their lords and other guestes in their chambers after dinner or supper. It is ever vsed by the mer Irish and English Irish wheresoever they be in the cuntrye. And so when they come to any gentlemans howse they are served before dynner or supper with a kinde of refreshing by the name of Teignie.

Blackrents (as I take yt) are in this sorte, when a murder or fellony or other trespasse is committed, the party offendinge being brought before the Lo: Brehon or Judge, is alloted to paye to the wyfe or childe of the party murdered, or to the party agreeved, a kinde of satisfaction, termed by them an Iriach: moreover the Judge awardeth to the lo: of the soyle or cuntry where any such outrag is comytted by way of a fyne a certeine number of kowes, or corne &c. and to himselfe a porcion for his judgment, what the lord reapeth hereby is called a blackrent; by this custom many murthers and thefts ar committed boldly and smothered without due execution of Justice.


 * Notes:

Bonaght. In the Latin Indenture of Tyrone and O'Donell it is called Bonagium.— State Papers, vol. iii. p. 480. It is called Bonneh or Boyne, Ibid. vol. ii. p. 511. Harris mentions Bonaght bur, which was free quarter at discretion, or in specie, and Bonaght beg, which was a commutation for it in money or provisions, according to agreement with the Lord, though it was generally imposed at his will, which the Tenant could not contradict. The soldiers thus supported were sometimes called Bonaghts.- Ware's Antiquities, c. xii. For some extraordinary exactions levied upon Tenants in 1537 see State Papers, vol. ii. Pt. iii. p. 510.

Soren. Sorohen.- Ware's Antiquities, ut supra.

Coynye. This wicked custom of coin and livery was originally Irish, for they used to lay Bonaght on their people, and never gave their souldiours any other pay, but, when the English had learned it, they used it with more insolence and made it more intolerable. Sir J. Davies, Hist. Tracts, p. 132. Baron Finglas says that coin and livery would destroy Hell if the custom were used there.-Breviate, see Hibernica, p. 83. And the Statute 10 Hen. VII. c. xviii. calls it a damnable custom. By this Statute, which made it treason, no man can goe into another man's house for lodging, nor to his own tenant's house to take victual by the way, notwithstanding that there is none other meanes for him to have lodging, nor horse meat nor man's meat, there being no Innes, nor none otherwise to be bought for money, but that he is endangered by that Statute for Treason, whensoever he shall happen to fall out with his tenant, or that his said Hoste list to complain of grievance, as oft times I have seen them very malitiously doe thorough the least provocation."-Spenser's View, p. 52.

Coshery. In 1524 the Earl of Kildare bound himself not to take or use coshers, nor codeys, nor suffer any other person to take any such coshers or codeis.—St. Pap. vol. ii. Pt. iii. p. 113.

Teignie. Harris says, "Gilletinny was another kind of imposition, the sense of which I am ignorant of, unless it means a tax for finding fewel for the lord's house. Gilla signifying a servant, and Teine fire."— Ware's Antiq. ut supra. It must be remembered that the right (such as it was) of the Irish lords to make these exactions fell to the Crown by their several forfeitures, and that the Crown acted with wise liberality in regranting the lands free from these arbitrary charges, and in protecting the subtenant from their revival by its grantee.

Black rents. Were a tribute paid by the occupiers of lands and the inhabitants of towns to their more powerful neighbours, whether English or Irish, to induce them to abstain from plundering them.-State Papers, vol. iii. Pt. iii. 427. This exaction corresponded with the Black Mail of Scotland, well known to the readers of Waverley and Rob Roy, and is confounded by Dymmok with the "Errikes and Sautes otherwyse called Raunsomes paid for any mourder or manslaughter."-Ibid. vol. ii. p. 211. In 10 Hen. VII. c. xi. it is stated that diverse persons for the death of any of their friends or kinsmen, are accustomed to brenn, slay & robbe, as many as beareth the name of him that is slain (that slew him), and will compel all such persons as are of his name, howbeit he was not of his blood, "to pay Assaut, that is, to depart with the most of their goods by ways of amends:" this enforced compensation is forbidden under penalty "de vie et de member."

Ware
"Of the antient Irish Exactions called Bonaght, Sorohen, Kernetty, South, Gyllicone, Musterowne, Gilletinny, Coshery, Assaut, Bode, Garty, Caan, Alterage, Byenge, Saults, and Slaunciaghs, Cuddies, Shragh, Mart, and Cuttings; and of the Taxes introduced by the English in the Room of Bonaght, called, Coyn and Livery, Refection and Cesse."

Statutes

 * 1366 (40 Edw. 3) Statutes of Kilkenny c. 17 P.R.O. vol. 1 p. 446
 * Also, it is agreed and assented that no man, of what estate or condition he be, upon forfeiture of life and of limb [ie death penalty], keep kernes, hobelers or idlemen in land of peace, to aggrieve the loyal people of our lord the King; but that he who will keep them, keep them in the march at his own expense, without taking anything from any person against their will. And if it happen that any man, whether kerne or any other, take any manner of victuals or other goods of any against his will, that hue and cry be raised against him, and he be taken and committed to gaol if he will surrender himself, and if not, make resistance and force, so that he will not suffer attachment, it be done to him as to an open robber; and that such manner of taking [of victuals] be considered a robbery. And in case such malefactors fly from the attachment, so that no man can take them, that then their lord or the leader answer for him, and make satisfaction to the party who has been so damaged. And if he make not satisfaction to the party, that the King have the suit against him, as well for himself as for the party. And that those who do not rise at such hue and cry be held and punished as maintainers of felons; and if any man keep or lead kernes, hobelers, or idlemen, otherwise than is abovesaid, that he have judgment of life and limb, and his lands and tenements be forfeited.
 * 1410 (11 Hen. 4) c. 6 P.R.O. vol. 1 p. 520 "Coynye (billeting) and liverey"
 * The Bill requereth that no Leivetenante, Justice or Governor of this lande nor other Greate or small of what estate or condition he be, shall putt anie maner Coigñe nor liverey vpone anie of the kinges leedge people, and if they doe, that they, theire favorers and Councelers be judged traytors & open Robbers of the kinge and his leedge people. And that the Justice of the kinges Bench, Justice of the Peace and whom the kinge will assigne may inquere of the offendors. And that vpone the indytment after the first capias exigente shalbe adwarded & pces continued till they be outlayd. And theire landes, tenements, goods and chattells forfited. And ye eury of the kinges people may levie hve and cry vpon them & take them to the kinges Gayle. And if they wthstand arrest, that they be vsed as enemyes to the kinge and Robbers of the people. And that such as doe grewe the offenders in bodye or goods, shall not be therfor by any lawe, troubled or hindered. And also that non hencforth of what estate ore condition he be shall make herbiñage or liue vpon anie of the kinges leedge people, without redye pay or agremt in hand, vpone pain afore limited. And that no pardoun be granted to anye offender against this estatute wthou the assent of parliment or of the kinges grainde councell. And that in the same Charter expresse mention is made of Cogñies, liues, and herbiñage aforsaid, or els the pardones as to those offences to be voyded in Law. And that everey Bishope in his dyosis may accuse and interdict (if need be) the offendors in anye the sayd articles.
 * The Governor is pleased yt ye statute of Kilkenye be keept & houlden in all pyntes as to tho articles of coigñe,[and liverye interlined in Ussher MS. No. 2.] and to the[as for in same] herbiñage & liue the statute made in tyme of Thomas of lancastr, lievtenant of Ireland, at Dublin the thirde yeare of this kinge shall be houlden and keepte.
 * 1430 (8 Hen. 6) c. 8 P.R.O. vol. 2 p. 31 "Statutes against coynye (billeting), livery, etc., to be put in force"
 * [Also, it is agreed] and established that the statutes made against coyne, liveries, alterages, marriages and gossipred of Irish enemies, from henceforth be put in [force].
 * 1453-54 (32 Hen. 6) c. 8 [P.R.O. vol. 2 p. 293] "Prohibition to impose livery or coynye (billeting) on church lands"
 * That non shall put coigney or liuee upon any that shall dwell upon the Church lands, that no purveor shall take or anye other goods or chattels from anye man of the Church against his will for payment or wthout payment.
 * 1472-73 (12 & 13 Edw. 4) c. 51 P.R.O. vol. 4 p. 113 "Christopher, Abbot of Trim, bound for England on public service; none to take coynye (billeting) or livery on the possessions of the House of Our Lady, Trim, or to despoil any pilgrim coming to the same House"
 * Also, at the prayer of Christopher, Abbot of the house of the Blessed Lady of Trim. Inasmuch as the said Abbot by the grace of God is bound to England for the public good of the land with a message to our sovereign lord the King. Whereas the premises considered: It is ordained enacted and established by authority of the said Parliament that no manner of person or persons shall take any pledge or coign or livery on any possession spiritual or temporal belonging to the said house of the said Blessed Lady from this time forth. And if any person or persons take any pledge, coign or livery on any parcel of the possessions aforesaid or take or despoil any pilgrim coming or going to the said Blessed Lady that by the authority of the said Parliament all such takers despoilers or robbers and their abettors shall be attainted and put out of the King's protection as felons attainted and that no charter of pardon shall be allowed for them or for any of them unless it be by authority of the Parliament and with the assent of the Abbott for the time being of the said house.
 * 1475-76 (15 & 16 Edw. 4) c. 25 [P.R.O. vol. 4 p. 301] "Newcastle Lyons to be free of coynye (billeting) and livery"
 * Also, at the prayer of the portreeve and commons of the town of Newcastle Lyons which is of the ancient inheritance of our sovereign lord the King and one of the keys of the county of Dublin. That whereas the said town has from ancient time been free from all manner of coigne and livery and notwithstanding this, of lat e the said town has been greatly oppressed with coigne and livery, for which reason divers husbandmen of the said town have quitted the said town and the burgesses and commons of the said town have purposed to quit the said town, and so it is like to be waste unless it is now remedied. Whereupon the premises considered and inasmuch as the said town is of the King's inheritance and annexed to the crown of England: It is enacted and established by authority of the said Parliament that the said town be free from all manner of coigne and livery and if any coigne or livery be imposed upon them that it shall be lawful for the said inhabitants to resist them [who impose any coigne or livery] and put them out of the town and the said inhabitants never to be impeached therefor. And that no purveyor or any other person shall levy anything of the inhabitants of the said town unless with the assent of the inhabitants of the said town, paying therefor as they may agree. Provided that they well and securely make their ditches and provided also that the King's purveyor at all times may have, at the King's price, all things to be sold in the said town.
 * 1491 (6 Hen. 7) [c. 1] [Analecta Hibernica No. 10] "Freeing Glassnevyn from coynye and livery"
 * Mekely besechyth Dauid Priowr of the Cathedrale church of the blessed Trinite of Divelyn and the couent of the same that where as the right noble lorde Gerrot Erle of Kyldar' Depute Lieutenaunt of Irland have graunte to the said Priour and Couent that thei and all thier tenawntes of the tovne & lordshipp of Glassesnevyn in the Counte of Divelyn shalbe in his speciall proteccion and tuicion And that the said tenawntz and euery of them shalbe quite and clerely discharged of all maner Conew and lyuerey and all other Inposicions as in the said graunte therof made and sealed with the signet of the said Erle more amplier hit doth appere that in consideracon wherof that hit be ordined enacted and establed by auctorite of this present Parlement that the said graunte and euery worde in hit conteynd be Auctorised Approved and confermed and demed gode and effectuall in lawe accordyng to the tenure and effecte of the same And by the same Auctorite that all the tenawntes & fermores and enhabitans of the said Priowr & Couent and all ther successowrs of the said towne other the lordshipp of Glasseneyne that now beth other in tyme comyng shalbe clere quite and frely discharged of all maner Conewes & lyvereys for euermore Any byll ensigned vnder the horssehed other any other byll other signet not withstandyng And by the same Auctorite that hit be lefull to the said Priour and couent and to ther Successowrs to resist and withstand all and euery maner person or persones that shall attempte to take any maner mette other drynk for man and hors other to take ther godes and catelles in any maner wise agaynes the said tenawnt or tenawntes willes And by the same Auctorite that hit be lefull to the said Priowr and Couent and ther seruauntes to take a Sufficiant distres of any maner person or persones that shall offend the premisses And hit to rettayn and kepe till thei be satisfied of the trespace in that behalf any statute acte other ordenance contrarie made notwithstandyng
 * 1493 (8 Hen. 7) c. 30 [P.R.O. vol. 5] "Manor of Moymurdry, County Meath, discharged from payment of coynye (billeting) and livery and other charges"
 * 1494-95 (10 Hen. 7) c. 4 "To outlaw use of coynye and livery (use of money and food for man and horse without payment for defence of lands)" Conway 202-4
 * 1494-95 (10 Hen. 7) c. 27 "Discharge of annuities arising out of coynye and livery (money and food for man and horse without payment for defence of lands)" Conway 213
 * 1569 (11 Eliz. sess 3) c.7/17 An Act for taking away captainships, and all exactions belonging thereunto from the lords and great men of this realm

Grierson 1765
["c. nn/mm" → nn = Grierson, mm = Rot. Parl.]
 * 1) 1310 3   Ed.  2 c. 1 /-- 18 H6 c3
 * 2) 1310 3   Ed.  2 c. 2 /-- 11 C1 c16
 * 3) 1310 3   Ed.  2 c. 3 /-- 18 H6 c2
 * 4) 1440 18  Hen. 6 c. 1 /5
 * 5) 1440 18  Hen. 6 c. 2 /9
 * 6) 1440 18  Hen. 6 c. 3 /10
 * 7) 1450 28  Hen. 6 c. 1 /4
 * 8) 1494 10  Hen. 7 c. 18/35
 * 9) 1556 3&4 P & M  c. 12/ 6 s. 4 same as 11 El s1 c. 1 s. 5
 * 10) 1569 11  El s1  c. 1 /--
 * 11) *s. 1 ... Sir Henry Sydney ... who by his great travail of bodie and mind, sincere, and upright administration of justice, hath ... put in suspence that grievous and intollerable exaction of coyne and livery, the freter of our lives and substance ... haveing with all due consideration of the huge charges already imployed, and to be imployed by your Majestie, for bringing to passe of these great things, ... wee for the allevation of some part of your Majesties said inestimable charges, and in consideration to be from henceforth delivered from that grievious exaction of coyne and livery, doe most lovingly and freely offer unto your Majestie, ... the renewing of the said subsidie now expyred
 * 12) *s. 5 Provided ... That all lords, knights, esquiers and gentlemen that now bee charged by law, custom, or usage of this realm, or hereafter shall bee charged and appoynted by the lord deputie, or other governour of this realm for the time being, by reason of their lands and possessions, to goe or send to hostings, roades or journeyes, for service of the realm, at their charges, having assignement of carting and carriage after the auncient custome, which lords, esquieres or gentlemen, have or shall have their chief dwellings in the countries of this subsidy out of the cities and priviledged towns, shall be during the time that they so have or shall have their chief dwellings in the countrey, free and discharged of this subsidie, for so much as such portion of their lands and possessions, as presently by any ordinary meane is assigned unto them, as competent, for their proper manurance, plowing, and cattel, in their chief dwelling places, or that hereafter shall be assigned, limited, and set out by commissioners to be appointed in everie shire now established or hereafter to be established in this realm by your Majestie, your heyres or successors, commission or commissions, to be made under yours or their great seal of this realm, at or by the denomination of the lord deputie, or other governour of this realm for the time being, for that purpose, in everie of which commissions, one of your Majesties, your heyres or successours, privie councell in this realm to be of the quorum, and shall also be free and discharged from and of all coyne and liverie, and of carting and carriage to hostyngs, roades, and journeyes.
 * 13) 1569 11  El s1  c. 4 / 6 refs 33H6c3, 35H6c2 ; Rep 10&11 C1 c6
 * 14) 1569 11  El s3  c. 1 / 9 s. 1 "And albeit, most gracious soveraign Lady, that this your present conquest atchieved, is the consummation of foure hundred foure yeares travaile in this realm, yet is there of late, to the great glorie of God, your immortall fame, and good encouragement, a greater conquest then this wrought in this your land of Ireland, which is, the abolishing and extirpation of that horrible and most detestable coyne and liverie, which was the very nurse and teat that gave suck and nutriment to all disobediences, enormities, vices, and iniquities of this realm, over foule and filthie here to be expressed, and such as did justly provoke the wrath and vengeance of Almighty God upon the people of this land, and to be feared, hath bred some perrill of Gods displeasure to your most noble progenitors, the Princes of England, for so long suffering of the same. By the extirmination whereof, there is, in so short a time, such an alteration of this estate happened, that where before there was every where but howling, crying, cursing, penury and famine, now is there in stead thereof mirth, joy, jolitie, and blessing of your Majestie, with such plentiefulnesse of graine and victualls among the people of this realm, as the like hath not been seen nor heard of within the memorie of man; all parts of the same realm so quieted, the people as it were of themselves so inclined to justice, as we dare say, your Majesties commissioners, justices, and commaundements may have, at this day, free concourse throughout this your whole realm of Ireland."
 * 15) 1569  11 El s3  c. 7 /17

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 * Binchy, D. A. 1940 Aimser Chue, in Feilsgribhinn Eoin Mhic Neill ed. J. Ryan Dublin, pp. 18-22.
 * Binchy, D. A. ed. 1941 Crith Gablach. Dublin. pp. 75-77
 * (Edmund Spenser, John Davies, Fynes Morison all wrote on "coigny" "livery" etc.)
 * [index sv "exactions"]
 * ¶13 "A note of such kinde of Rentes and duties as the Llordes and ffreholders in Desmound did customablie use to paye to the earle of Clancarty" ¶¶14–25 (Garemsloaeg, Sorren, Sorrenmore, Cuddy, Dowgollo, Gallogoloh, Kearnty, Rout, Musteroun, Canebeg, Quirren, Sroan)
 * (Edmund Spenser, John Davies, Fynes Morison all wrote on "coigny" "livery" etc.)
 * [index sv "exactions"]
 * ¶13 "A note of such kinde of Rentes and duties as the Llordes and ffreholders in Desmound did customablie use to paye to the earle of Clancarty" ¶¶14–25 (Garemsloaeg, Sorren, Sorrenmore, Cuddy, Dowgollo, Gallogoloh, Kearnty, Rout, Musteroun, Canebeg, Quirren, Sroan)
 * [index sv "exactions"]
 * ¶13 "A note of such kinde of Rentes and duties as the Llordes and ffreholders in Desmound did customablie use to paye to the earle of Clancarty" ¶¶14–25 (Garemsloaeg, Sorren, Sorrenmore, Cuddy, Dowgollo, Gallogoloh, Kearnty, Rout, Musteroun, Canebeg, Quirren, Sroan)