User:Jnestorius/Seventy disciples

<Seventy disciples

Schermann
Theodor Franz Joseph Schermann's 1907 works list multiple:
 * [A] [primary sources]
 * [B] [analysis; pp. 327–349 list 145 names]

Lists to be added
eusebius Church history 1.12

Particular ones:
 * One attributed to Dorotheus of Tyre, completed some time before AD 811.
 * One attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis
 * One attributed to Irenaeus,
 * Index Anonymus Graeco-Syros (Schermann: A p. 171 list, B p.??? discuss)
 * English derivatives from Æthelstan discussed by M. R. James
 * MR James "the only one (among all Schermann's lists) that includes Seneca [the Younger]" -- cf. Correspondence of Paul and Seneca
 * Chronicon Paschale
 * Dimitry of Rostov's list is hopefully the same as OCA's
 * Dmitry has one list, then quotes Eusebius on no list and more than seventy, then lists more worthy of the name apostle (cf. equal-to-apostles): Antipas of Pergamum, Cornelius the centurion, Demetrius, Gamaliel, Hierotheos the Thesmothete, Ignatius of Antioch, Joseph of Arimathea, Lazarus, Longinus, Nicodemus, Polycarp, Zacchaeus, the eunuch of Candace
 * A version of Hipploytus' list is the last of 23 appendices of lists of historical figures added to a putative Slavonic translation of Anastasius Sinaita's Interrogationes et responsiones said to have been commissioned by Simeon I of Bulgaria.
 * Dionysios of Fourna's 18th-century manual of icon painting says 70 (but only lists 68)
 * Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature gives "the traditionary list of their names", citing 'Townsend, New Test.; and the monographs cited by Danz, Worterb. s.v. "Lucas," Nos. 60-63; and by Hase, Leben Jesu, p. 165'.
 * Michael the Syrian
 * Jean-Baptiste Chabot's French translation of the original Syriac text
 * Matti Moosa's 2014 translation from Syriac to English
 * Robert Bedrosian's 1979–2013 translation from Classical Armenian (1870 and 1871 editions) to English:
 * "After these, the Lord brought out another 72 [disciples] who were named"
 * "Now according to Josephus' testimony, the Twelve Apostles, whom we named above, were the first to believe in Him. Then they chose 72 disciples, named as follows"
 * Agapius of Hierapolis
 * Arabic and 1909 French:
 * 1909 French into English 2009 Roger Pearse:
 * The names of the Seventy (disciples) and their origin.
 * Here is the list of the Seventy (disciples).
 * Addai of Phamas (Paneas); Severos son of Abgar killed him. Ananias was killed at Damascus.  Milia (Malea, Ἀμπλίας) was stoned at Alexandria.  Capha (Κηφᾶς) was stoned at Antioch.  Barnabas (Βαρνάβας, Βαῤῥαβᾶς) died on the island of Cyprus.  Sontanis (Σωσθένης) was thrown into the sea.  Qeisqous (Κρήσκης, Κρισκής) died of hunger at Alexandria and was buried there.  Joseph of Arimathea, who was converted to Christ and died in the prison of Jerusalem.  Nicodemus the Welcome; this was he who was converted to Christ after he came to find Him and spoke with Him.  Nathaniel, chief of the scribes.  Justus, whom Paul mentions.  Judas, brother of James, brother of Christ.  Silas (Σιλᾶς), of whom Paul also speaks.  Judas, son of Barsabas.  Marcus, whome Luke mentions in the Πράξεις with the others.  John, called the Black (?).  Jason, ManaÃ«l, Herod, Rufus, Alexander, Simon the Cyrenean, Cleophas, brother of |25 Joseph the husband of Mary, Simeon, his son, whom became bishop of Jerusalem and was crucified.  Joses, son of Joseph, James, son of Joseph, James the elder, Judah, called Simeon.  Those who were with Cleophas on his voyage: Tourmis and Fastourius [Termus and Castorius?], the slaves whom the apostles ordained.  Those of whom Paul speaks: Andronicus, Titus, Hermas, Phlegon, Patroba, Asyneritus 11.  Hermas called the Pastor.  The six people with Peter at Caesarea; Crescens, Milichas, Kiriton (Crito), Simeon, Gaius, Apollos (Ἀπολλώς).  The two who did not believe in the divinity of Christ; Cerinthus and Cleon (?), who were heretics.  They were replaced with Luke the evangelist and Urbanus.  Istichaus (Στάχυς), Aristobulus, Stephen, Herodion, Mark, Rufus, Olympas, Maris (?), S.m..lu...s (?) M.rula. (?) Hymenaeus, Alexander, ... rus...laoun.
 * The false apostles: Simon r. k. r. bn d. la..
 * Italian translation with abundant footnotes
 * heiligenlexikon.de "Januar 4" Orthodox - Die 70 Apostel lists 80 names Dass diese Liste mehr als 70 Namen umfasst liegt daran, dass wir hier alle als einen der 70 Jünger Bezeichneten aufgenommen haben, die Listen aber differenzieren. "The reason why this list contains more than 70 names is that we have included all of those named as one of the 70 disciples, but differentiate the lists."
 * The ones not already in the table are:
 * Alphaeus and Zacchaeus — distinguish these two from Alphaeus and Zacchaeus martyred c.303
 * Nymphas;
 * Dionysius vom Areopag, erster Bischof von Athen, Märtyrer;
 * Others with doubles in table where desciption might be useful are:
 * Apollos, Bischof von Korinth oder Ikonium oder Caesarea Ikonium
 * Erastus von Korinth, Mitarbeiter von Paulus, Bischof von Caesarea Philippi
 * Hermes von Rom, Märtyrer
 * Stephanas [no description but listed separately from protomartyr]

Matthias, who would later replace Judas Iscariot as one of the twelve apostles, is also often numbered among the seventy, since John Mark ("John, surnamed Mark", "Mark, who is also John") is typically identified with Mark the Evangelist.

Some accounts of the legendary Saint Mantius of Évora regard him as one of the disciples, having witnessed the Last Supper and Pentecost.

No mention of the feast of the Seventy disciples on 4 January in the Menologion of Basil II (c. AD 1000).

Commentaries
For some instances of "apostle" or "disciple" in the New Testament, commentators disagree as to whether is meant the 12 or the 70 or both together or some larger set.

No women in the 12; no traditional list of the 70 includes women; any modern commentators opine differently?

Nikolaj Velimirović brief commentary:
 * the Lord chose seventy lesser apostles ... just as Judas, ... so some of the Seventy abandoned the Lord ... so also were the places of these lesser apostles filled by others that were chosen. ... they were co-workers with the Twelve

Hase:
 * JESUS chose seventy Disciples, as confidential friends of a second order, and sent them out before himself. Their wisdom was only an immediate consciousness of the nearness of God and of the kingdom of Heaven. Nothing is said of any effect of their preaching, but only of the success of their miraculous power. Yet Jesus was moved with joyful emotion. Therefore, their being sent out seems not so much a great undertaking to produce a final and decisive effect upon the people, but rather something intended for their own education. ... In their commission the limitation to the Jews is omitted, which is contained in the almost exactly similar address reported by Matthew on occasion of sending out the Twelve. ($ 60.) But there is no mention of a universal missionary purpose. Luke has placed the period of their mission and return during the journey to Jerusalem. Considering the silence of all other sources of Apostolic information, it was natural to regard their choice and number as mythical, and their instruction as transferred from that which (according to Luke ix. 1-5) was given to the Apostles. The resemblance of the Seventy to Paul and to Pauline Christianity is too remote to allow them to be considered as a symbol of these. Nevertheless, Matthew is also silent concerning the choise of the Twelve, and John concerning their mission. That Jesus had numerous professed disciples appears from Acts i. 15, 21; 1 Cor. xv. 6; compare John vi. 60. To suppose that a legend arose in the Apostolic Church concerning seventy disciples as a symbol of the later missions, without any one of them being known, is not so probable, as that they should have been afterward forgotten by the Evangelists in consequence of the subsequent insignificance of most of them.

On the number seventy
Hase:
 * Their number reminds us of the elders appointed by Moses (Numb. xi. 16, &c.), of the members of the Sanhedrim, and of the seventy nations of the earth. ... Considering the silence of all other sources of Apostolic information, it was natural to regard their choice and number as mythical

Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature:
 * These seem to have been appointed in accordance with the symbolism of the seventy members of Jacob's household (Ex 1:5) and, likewise, the seventy elders of the Jews (24:1; Nu 11:16).

Otto Pfleiderer:
 * as the [12 apostles] suggests Israel as the destination of the mission of the first Apostles [Twelve Tribes of Israel], so the larger number [70] indicates a mission to the Gentiles; for in Jewish tradition seventy is the number of the Heathen nations, a belief to which the legend of the Seventy Translators of the Old Testament into Greek also points.

On the list
Note that Saint Paul is in neither the 12 nor the 70 (not being converted to Christianity until after Jesus' death and ascension).

If Matthias the Apostle was added to the 12, was he removed from the 70? If so, was he replaced?

M. R. James: "There are so many lists of the seventy in existence,-and all, it may be said in passing, are historically so worthless"

Hase: "Considering the silence of all other sources of Apostolic information, it was natural to regard their choice and number as mythical"; but Hase disagrees, suggesting instead they they were probably "afterward forgotten by the Evangelists in consequence of the subsequent insignificance of most of them".

Orthodox Church in America
 * There are discrepancies and errors in some lists of the Seventy Apostles. In a list attributed to Saint Dorotheus of Tyre (June 5) some names are repeated (Rodion, or Herodion, Apollos, Tychicus, Aristarchus), while others are omitted (Timothy, Titus, Epaphras, Archippus, Aquila, Olympas). Saint Demetrius of Rostov consulted the Holy Scripture, the traditions passed down by the Fathers, and the accounts of trustworthy historians when he attempted to correct the mistakes and uncertainties in the list in compiling his collection of Lives of the Saints.

Catholic Encyclopedia sv "Disciple":
 * They are commonly identified with the seventy-two (seventy, according to the received Greek text, although several Greek manuscripts mention seventy-two, as does the Vulgate) referred to (Luke 10:1) as having been chosen by Jesus. The names of these disciples are given in several lists (Chronicon Paschale, and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, XCII, 521-524; 543-545; 1061-1065); but these lists are unfortunately worthless. Eusebius positively asserts that no such roll existed in his time, and mentions among the disciples only Barnabas, Sosthenes, Cephas, Matthias, Thaddeus and James "the Lord's brother" (Church History I.12).

While Orthodox Church treats all 70 as saints, oither lists include some who went astray, of whom some later returned to the fold. Using 10 replacing 12 to explain 70/72 discrepancy. Hippolytus doesnt have a list of 12 but does have a few:
 * Phygellus "of the party also of Simon"; 2 Timothy 1:15 says he "turned away" from Paul during his second imprisonment at Rome; is "Simon" Simon Magus?
 * Hermogenes "of the same mind with" Phygellus; also in 2 Timothy 1:15
 * Demas "became a priest of idols"; 2 Timothy 4:10a "Demas, because he loved this world, he has deserted me and has gone to Thessalonica"
 * Nicolas the Deacon is on Pseudo-Hippolytus' list and elsewhere (real?) Hippolytus says Nicolas fell away and founded the heresy of Nicolaism

The Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom calls Barnabas "the first of the Seventy Apostles".

Legacy

 * Seventy (Latter Day Saints) seen as descendant tradition

To read

 * From the 4th/5th century on, one finds in virtually all the languages of early and mediaeval Christianity lists providing basic information about the apostles, which form a large and prolific tradition. ... for the Seventy, mainly their episcopal sees. Most of the major texts were edited by Theodor Schermann in 1907. [This article adds more on] firstly, the “Anonymus I” (Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca [BHG] 153c), which Schermann failed to recognize as an early and independent form of list, though it probably represents the most ancient one; secondly, the lists associated with the name of (a certain) Hippolytus, which form a far more complex tradition than was thought.
 * From the 4th/5th century on, one finds in virtually all the languages of early and mediaeval Christianity lists providing basic information about the apostles, which form a large and prolific tradition. ... for the Seventy, mainly their episcopal sees. Most of the major texts were edited by Theodor Schermann in 1907. [This article adds more on] firstly, the “Anonymus I” (Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca [BHG] 153c), which Schermann failed to recognize as an early and independent form of list, though it probably represents the most ancient one; secondly, the lists associated with the name of (a certain) Hippolytus, which form a far more complex tradition than was thought.


 * In Acts and the Pauline letters some 100 individuals ... are associated with the Apostle at one time or another during his ministry. ... The total number of Paul's co-workers has been placed at 95 (Redlich) or 81 (Polzl), depending on how broadly one defines the term.
 * In Acts and the Pauline letters some 100 individuals ... are associated with the Apostle at one time or another during his ministry. ... The total number of Paul's co-workers has been placed at 95 (Redlich) or 81 (Polzl), depending on how broadly one defines the term.


 * [One Cephas/Peter or two?]
 * [One Cephas/Peter or two?]

Interwiki versions:
 * ar:الرسل السبعون
 * el:Εβδομήκοντα Απόστολοι
 * ru:Апостолы от семидесяти
 * uk:Собор святих сімдесяти апостолів Христових

orthodoxwiki.org: Seventy Apostles

Synaxis of the Holy Seventy Apostles from synaxarion.gr, based on GREAT SYNAXARIST of Church of Greece