User:John Brosin/mass shootings

Mass shooting refers to an incident involving multiple victims of gun violence. Only a small amount of mass shootings result in mass murder, and only a subset of those receive national media attention.

Definition
'''A mass shooting occurs when either two, three, or four or more people are shot, usually without a cooling off period. ''' Controversy surrounds whether two, three, or four constitutes a "mass" - in a FBI has considered defining mass as between two to four people shot.

Victims and survivors
'''In 2015 alone, there have been 294 mass shootings that killed or injured 1,464 people.  In the years 2013, 2014, 2015 combined 1,264 people were killed in the United States during mass shootings and 3,611 wounded, for a total of 4,875.'''  Survivors of mass shootings can suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. There have been many shootings around the world where a large number of victims have died. Survivors have written about other mass shooting incidents. One paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting. The father of a victim in a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son. The survivors of the 2011 Norway attacks recounted their experience to GQ. According to the Huffington Post, 57 percent of mass shootings which results in mass murder in the United States between 2009 and July 2015 involved a family member or intimate partner and 81 percent of the victims were women and children.

Controversy - Definition of "mass"
There is no official definition of "mass." However, the FBI stated in one publication that "[t]he general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by an offender or offenders, without a cooling-off period." So "mass" in "mass shooting" can be defined as two or more people shot by an offender or offenders, without a cooling-off period.

Alternatively, in that same publication the FBI stated "[g]enerally, mass murder was described as a number of murders (four or more) occurring during the same incident, with no distinctive time period between the murders." So "mass" can be described as four or more shot.

So a mass shooting may variously be described as when either: two or more, three or more, or four or more people are shot during the same incident, usually with no distinctive time period between the shootings.

Perpetrators
In the United States, the majority of mass shooters are male. Notable American perpetrators include Nidal Malik Hasan, Charles Whitman, James Eagan Holmes, Seung-Hui Cho, and Aaron Alexis. Notable mass shooters from outside the United States include William Unek, Richard Komakech, Omar Abdul Razeq Abdullah Rifai, Martin Bryant, and Woo Bum-kon. Criminal histories and documented mental health problems did not prevent at least eight of the gunmen in fourteen mass shootings from obtaining firearms.

Mass shootings that result in mass murder
Mass shootings may sometimes, but not always, result in the mass murder of the gun shot victims.

Definition of mass murder:
Mass murder is commonly categorized as the murder of four or more people with no cooling off period. While the U.S. has 5% of the world's population, 31% of mass shootings that result in murder occur in the U.S.

Discussion of definition of mass murder:

In 2014, the FBI published a study on "active shootings". It defined a "mass killing" as three or more killed, not including the shooter if they are also killed. A U.S. congressional research service report excluded, from a study, mass shootings in which terrorist ideology was a motivation. Some have argued for the term to include domestic violence killings. The Washington Post states "the broader definition is nonetheless a useful one, because it captures many high-profile instances of violence — like the recent Lafayette theater shootings — that don't meet the FBI's criteria."

Motives and reasons
Mass shootings can be motivated by terrorism and caused by mental illness, among many other reasons. One criminologist claims that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries. Others believe that people with mental illness are scapegoated as the cause of mass shootings. Mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler Mary O'Toole characterizes some mass shooting perpetrators as "injustice collectors." Author Dave Cullen described killer Eric Harris as an injustice collector in his 2009 book Columbine. He expanded on the concept in a 2015 New Republic essay on injustice collectors, identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including Christopher Dorner, Elliot Rodger, Vester Flanagan, and Andrew Kehoe. The essay quoted O'Toole and Gary Noesner, who helped create and lead the FBI's hostage negotiation unit, and served as Chief Negotiator for ten years.

Media attention
Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents. The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings has been studied. Researchers also studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for gun control policies.

Some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events, in order to avoid giving them notoriety.

Gun law reform
After the Port Arthur massacre in Australia, the government changed gun laws in Australia. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings. Others contend that mass shootings are a side effect of gun control itself, as they occur almost exclusively in locations where ordinary citizens cannot legally be armed (and therefore, typically are not). Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the background check system for purchasing a gun. After experiencing several deadly mass shootings, Great Britain enacted tough gun laws.

Others believe that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.

Leaders
As of October 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama had given speeches on eleven different mass shootings.

Definition
In 2014, the FBI published a study on "active shootings". It defined a "mass killing" as three or more killed, not including the shooter if they are also killed. A U.S. congressional research service report excluded, from a study, mass shootings in which terrorist ideology was a motivation. Some have argued for the term to include domestic violence killings. The Washington Post states "the broader definition is nonetheless a useful one, because it captures many high-profile instances of violence — like the recent Lafayette theater shootings — that don't meet the FBI's criteria." According to CNN, a mass shooting is defined as having four or more fatalities, and do not include gang killings or slayings that involve the death of multiple family members.

Perpetrators
In the United States, the majority of mass shooters are male. Notable American perpetrators include Nidal Malik Hasan, Charles Whitman, James Eagan Holmes, Seung-Hui Cho, and Aaron Alexis. Notable mass shooters from outside the United States include William Unek, Richard Komakech, Omar Abdul Razeq Abdullah Rifai, Martin Bryant, and Woo Bum-kon. Criminal histories and documented mental health problems did not prevent at least eight of the gunmen in fourteen mass shootings from obtaining firearms.

Victims and survivors
Survivors of mass shootings can suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. There have been many shootings around the world where a large number of victims have died. Survivors have written about other mass shooting incidents. One paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting. The father of a victim in a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son. The survivors of the 2011 Norway attacks recounted their experience to GQ. According to the Huffington Post, 57 percent of mass shootings in the United States between 2009 and July 2015 involved a family member or intimate partner and 81 percent of the victims were women and children.

Motives and reasons
Mass shootings can be motivated by terrorism and caused by mental illness, among many other reasons. One criminologist claims that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries. Others believe that people with mental illness are scapegoated as the cause of mass shootings. Mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler Mary O'Toole characterizes some mass shooting perpetrators as "injustice collectors." Author Dave Cullen described killer Eric Harris as an injustice collector in his 2009 book Columbine. He expanded on the concept in a 2015 New Republic essay on injustice collectors, identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including Christopher Dorner, Elliot Rodger, Vester Flanagan, and Andrew Kehoe. The essay quoted O'Toole and Gary Noesner, who helped create and lead the FBI's hostage negotiation unit, and served as Chief Negotiator for ten years.

Media attention
Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents. The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings has been studied. Researchers also studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for gun control policies.

Some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events, in order to avoid giving them notoriety.

Gun law reform
After the Port Arthur massacre in Australia, the government changed gun laws in Australia. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings. Others contend that mass shootings are a side effect of gun control itself, as they occur almost exclusively in locations where ordinary citizens cannot legally be armed (and therefore, typically are not). Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the background check system for purchasing a gun. After experiencing several deadly mass shootings, Great Britain enacted tough gun laws.

Others believe that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.

Leaders
As of October 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama had given speeches on eleven different mass shootings.