User:John Cummings/Articles/Glossary on intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions

The Glossary of key terms related to intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions is a resource with over 100 definitions created by the World Intellectual Property Organisation who have generously released it under an open license so we can use the text directly on Wikipedia. Please help spread this knowledge by adding information from the glossary (in the table below) to Wikipedia and indexing the terms in Wikidata.

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1	Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair	and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to	the Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 5(4).

2	Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and	Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their utilization,	para. 23.

3	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and Related Right Treaties Administered	by WIPO and Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights Terms, WIPO, p. 264.

4		The edition used for this document is the 10th edition, by Bryan A. Garner.

5	WIPO Background Brief No. 8, Alternative Dispute Resolution for	Disputes Related to Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge,	Traditional Cultural Expressions and Genetic Resources, available at	 https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=3877.

6	Recommendations	for African Negotiators from the 2nd Preparatory Meeting of African	Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/37, 14	October 2010.

7		Report of the Seventeenth Session of the Committee	(WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/12).

8	Article 3.1 of the Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and	of the Council of 6 July, 1998 on the legal protection of	biotechnological inventions.

9		See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1/3, para. 16.

10	FAO Statement on Biotechnology, available at:	 http://www.fao.org/biotech/fao-statement-on-biotechnology/en/.

11	See definition and full list-based definition, available at: 	 http://www.oecd.org/sti/biotechnologypolicies/statisticaldefinitionofbiotechnology.htm.

12	See Bonn Guidelines, Articles 1, 7(a) and 17 to 21.

13	See Bonn Guidelines, Articles 24 to 50 and Appendix II.

14	UNEP Glossary of Terms for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental	Agreements, page 22, available at	 https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/glossary-terms-negotiators-multilateral-environmental-agreements.

15	List and Brief Technical Explanation of Various Forms in which	Traditional Knowledge may be Found (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/9), para. 16 of Annex.

16	Ayurveda is a codified system of traditional medicine which was	disclosed in writing in the Vedic period when the Aryans compiled	the four Vedas (1500-1800 B.C.) with maximum references in the	Rigveda and the Atharvaveda.

17	Traditional Chinese Medicine was initially codified and disclosed in	writing in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine, the	first monumental classic establishing TCM. The Canon was compiled	over several hundred years and appeared between 300 and 100 B.C.

18	In India the First Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, No. 23	of 1940, as amended by the Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act No. 71 of 1986, specifies the authoritative books of the Ayurvedic,	Siddha and Unani Tibb Systems. See Inventory of Existing Online	Databases Containing Traditional Knowledge Documentation Data	(WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/6), para. 8. Also see Karin Timmermans and Togi	Hutadjulu, The TRIPs Agreement and Pharmaceuticals:  Report of an	ASEAN Workshop on the TRIPs Agreement and its Impact on	Pharmaceuticals, p. 45.

19	Intervention of the Delegation of Canada, Report of the Second	Session (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/16), para. 131.

20	Terri Janke,	Pathways & Protocols – A Filmmaker’s	guide to Working with Indigenous People, Culture and Concepts, p. 51.

21	Draft Glossary proposed by a group of Dutch experts convened	by the bureau of the Netherlands National Commission for UNESCO,	TER/CH/2002/WD/4, 2002.

22	Art.4(1),	UNESCO	Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of	Cultural Expressions,	2005.

23	Art.4(3),	UNESCO Convention on the Protection and	Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions,	2005.

24	UNESCO Thesaurus, available at	 http://www.vocabularyserver.com/unesco/en/index.php?tema=2526&/cultural-identity.

25	ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in	Independent Countries, 1989,

Art. 2(2)(b).

26	Model	Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of	Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions,	1982, Part III, para. 42.

27	Protection Rights over Traditional Knowledge: Implications of	Customary Laws and Practices, Research Planning Workshop, Cusco,	Peru, 20-25 May, 2005.

28Customary	Law, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property: An Outline of	the Issues (2013)	 https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/resources/pdf/overview_customary_law.pdf

29Paul	Kuruk, “African Customary Law and the Protection of Folklore”,	Copyright Bulletin, XXXVI, No.2, 2002,

p. 6, quoting, in part,	Paris, 15 June 1982, Gazette du Palais, 1982.2, Summary, p. 378, or	Paris, 25 April 1978, Gazette du Palais, 1978.2, p. 448.

30	Customary Law, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property: An	Outline of the Issues (2013)	 https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/resources/pdf/overview_customary_law.pdf

31	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/3 p. 4 para. 2; the online	database is available at: 	 https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/contracts/index.html

32	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/11.

33	Art. 2(3) Berne Convention. “Translations, adaptations,	arrangements of music and other alterations of a literary or	artistic work shall be protected as original works without prejudice	to the copyright in the original work.”

34	WIPO	Guide	to the Copyright and Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and	Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights Terms, WIPO.

35	Art. 2(5) Berne Convention, Art. 10(2) TRIPS Agreement, Art. 6	World Copyright Treaty.

36	See Sam Ricketson and Jane C. Ginsburg, International	Copyright and Neighboring Rights—The Berne Convention and Beyond,	Oxford, Vol. I., p. 485.

37	Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional	Knowledge and Expressions of Culture, 2002, Part I. 4.

38	Sam Ricketson and Jane C. Ginsburg, International Copyright	and Neighboring Rights—The Berne Convention and Beyond, Oxford,	Vol. I., p. 603.

39	List and Brief Technical Explanation of Various Forms in which	Traditional Knowledge may be Found (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/9), para. 4	of Annex.

40	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and Related Right Treaties Administered	by WIPO and Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p.282.

41	 Art. 10bis and 11. See also Sam Ricketson and	Jane C. Ginsburg, International Copyright and Neighboring Rights—The	Berne Convention and Beyond, Oxford, Vol. I., p. 614.

42	See document WO/GA/32/8, Annex, p. 32.

43	For further information see document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/16/6, Annex I,	pages 7 to 11

44	WIPO Technical Study on Patent Disclosure Requirements related to	Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge, WIPO Publication No. 786(E), p. 65. A new WIPO study on patent disclosure requirements	entitled “Key Questions on Developing Patent Disclosure	Requirements for Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge” was	released in June 2017 and is available at:	 http://wwws.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4194

45	Document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/9/13 (Alternative Proposal).

46	Document TN/C/W/52.

47	Report on the Toolkit for Managing Intellectual Property when	Documenting Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources	(WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/5), p. 4 of Annex.

48	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and Related Right Treaties Administered	by WIPO and Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights Terms.

49	Exceptions and Limits to	Copyright and Neighboring Rights, study prepared by Pierre	Sirinelli,

WCT-WPPT/IMP/1, 1999, p.2.

50	Art. 9(2).

51	Model Provisions for	National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore against	Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions,	1982, para. 37.

52	Model Provisions for National Laws	on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore against Illicit	Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions,	1982, para. 37.

53	Model Provisions for National Laws	on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore against Illicit	Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions,	Section 2.

54	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and	Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and Glossary of	Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p. 289.

55	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and	Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and Glossary of	Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p. 290.

56	Art.2(2).

57	Terri Janke, “Unauthorized Reproduction of Rock Art”, in	Minding Culture: Case Studies on Intellectual Property and	Traditional Cultural Expressions, WIPO, 2003.

58	Report of the Seventeenth Session of the Committee	(WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/12), para. 50.

59	Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of	Expressions of Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other	Prejudicial Actions, 1982, Part I, para. 5-7.

60	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and Related Right Treaties	Administered by WIPO and Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights	Terms, p. 290.

61	Art. 5(2) Berne Convention, Art. 9(1) TRIPS Agreement, Art. 25(10) WIPO Copyright Treaty and Art. 20 WIPO Performances and	Phonograms Treaty. See WIPO Guide to the Copyright and	Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and Glossary of	Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p. 291.

62	Document UNEP/CBD/WG-ABS/9/INF/1 (The Concept of “Genetic	Resources” in the Convention on Biological Diversity and how it	relates to a functional international regime on access and	benefit-sharing”), p. 8.

63	Standard-Setting: Future Priorities for Standard-Setting Activities,	Review of the draft principles and guidelines on the heritage of	indigenous peoples, Working paper submitted by Yozo Yokota and the	Saami Council, E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2006/5, 16 June 2006.

64	WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property and	Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999) “Intellectual Property Needs and	Expectations of Traditional Knowledge”, p. 26.

65	List and Brief Technical Explanation of Various Forms in which	Traditional Knowledge may be Found (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/9), paras. 43 and 44 of Annex.

66	“The Concept of Local Communities”, Background paper prepared by	the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues for the	Expert Workshop on the Disaggregation of Data	(PFII/2004/WS.1/3/Add.1). See also	UNEP/CBD/WS-CB/LAC/1/INF/5.

67	See CBD, Development of Elements of Sui Generis Systems for	the Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices,	UNEP/CBD/WG8J/4/INF/18, p.5.

68	WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property and	Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999) “Intellectual Property Needs and	Expectations of Traditional Knowledge”, p.23. See also List	and Brief Technical Explanation of Various Forms in which	Traditional Knowledge may be Found (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/9), para. 41 of Annex.

69	 Article 1, ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and	Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.

70	UNEP Glossary of Terms for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental	Agreements, page 49, available at	 http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7569

71	See Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples,	World Bank 2005; John Henriksen: Key Principles in Implementing ILO	Convention No. 169, 2008.

72	[This footnote is part of the definition] International Labour	Organization Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (1989),	United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples	(2007), UNDG Guidelines on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues (2008);	United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (under the	Economic and Social Affairs Department), Inter-Agency Support Group	on Indigenous Issues, and United Nations Second International Decade	of the World’s Indigenous Peoples plan of action (see Annex I). The same criteria are used by the FAO in its policy on indigenous	and tribal peoples (Available at	 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1857e/i1857e00.pdf )

73	Available at	 http://www.ifad.org/english/indigenous/documents/ip_policy_e.pdf.

74	Available at	 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environment-energy/local_development/undp-and-indigenous-peoples-a-policy-of-engagement.html

75	United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and	Protection of Minorities and its Study of the Problem of	Discrimination against Indigenous Populations, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4., para 379 (1986).

76	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and	Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and Glossary of	Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p. 293.

77	Sam Ricketson and Jane C. Ginsburg, International Copyright and	Neighboring Rights—The Berne Convention and Beyond,	Oxford, Vol. I., p.602.

78	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/3, para. 133.

79	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/7/9 (Genetic Resources: Draft	Intellectual Property Guidelines for Access and Equitable	Benefit-sharing).

80	See operational principles in document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/2/3,	Section V.B, p. 50.

81	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/12 (Genetic Resources: 	Draft Intellectual Property Guidelines for Access and Equitable	Benefit-sharing: Updated version).

82Id.

83Id,	page 4 of Annex.

84	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/12.

85	WIPO PATENTSCOPE Glossary.

86	Article	1 of the ITPGRFA.

87WIPO	Intellectual Property Handbook, WIPO Publication No. 489 (E), 2008,	p. 20.

88	See	Section 35 U.S.C. 103 available at:	 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2158.html

89	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/12.

90	“Exceptions and Limits to Copyright and Neighboring Rights,”	study prepared by Pierre Sirinelli,

WCT-WPPT/IMP/1,	p. 2.

91	 WIPO	Copyright and Related Rights website,	 https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/limitations/index.html.

92	Art. 10(1).

93	Art. 9(2).

94	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and	Related Right Treaties Administered by WIPO and Glossary of	Copyright and Related Rights Terms, p. 313.

95	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/INF/12.

96	Available at: 	 https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/contracts/index.html

97	Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-be623e.pdf

98	Available at: https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/texts/glossary.html#M

99	Para IX-2.1, PCT International Search Guidelines (as in force from	18 September 1998).

100	PCT Minimum Documentation, document PCT/MIA/9/4.

101	Francesco Capotorti, Former Special	Rapporteur of the United Nations, 1979, cited by Dieter	Kugelmann,

The	Protection of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Respective Cultural	Diversity, A. Von Bogdandy and

R.	Wolffrum, (eds), Max Planck Year Book of United Nations Law, Vol. 11, 2007, p. 237.

102	Art.2 (1) Declaration on the Rights of	Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic	Minorities, adopted	by General Assembly Resolution	47/135 of December 1992.

103	Declaration on the Rights of Persons	belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic	Minorities, Art.1(1).

104	Art. 27	International Covenant on Civil and	Political Rights, adopted	and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General	Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966,	entered into force

23	March 1976.

105	“A Legal Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge in	Sri Lanka,” Working Document-Version 01- January 2009.

106	It was proposed to add the term “misuse” in the text of “The	Protection of Traditional Knowledge: Revised Objectives and	Principles” (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/18/5) by some Delegations, such as the	Delegation of Indonesia and the Delegation of Mexico. However, the	Delegation of Australia noted that misuse was a term that was used	in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity within the	draft negotiating text for an international regime on access and	benefit sharing of genetic resources and associated traditional	knowledge. It was used to refer to acts that were contrary to	mutually agreed terms, while misappropriation referred specifically	to acquisition without prior informed consent. It called for	further discussion as to the meaning of these terms in the context	of the Committee and in relation to intellectual property rather	than access to traditional knowledge associated with genetic	resources.

107	See document UNEP/CBD/COP/4/22, para. 32

108	Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement. Drafting and Analysis, 3rd	Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, p. 161.

109	Dieter	Kugelmann, The Protection of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples	Respective Cultural Diversity, A. Von Bogdandy and R. Wolffrum,	(eds), Max Planck	Year Book of United Nations Law, Vol. 11, 2007, p. 235.

110	Glossary on Intangible Cultural Heritage, Netherlands National	Commission for UNESCO, 2002 (“... A nation can be a cultural	community”), as quoted in “The Protection of Traditional	Cultural Expressions/Expressions of Folklore: Revised Objectives and	Principles”, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/17/4.

111	WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook, WIPO Publication No. 489 (E),	2008, p. 19.

112	See Section 35 U.S.C. 102, available at:	 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1fbe1_19797_b0. It is referred to Section 35 U.S.C. 151 – Issue of patent, which	is available at:	 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title35/pdf/USCODE-2011-title35-partII-chap14-sec151.pdf 	and to Section 35 U.S.C. 122(b) – Confidential	status of applications; publication of patent applications, which is	available at:	 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title35/pdf/USCODE-2011-title35-partII-chap11-sec122.pdf.

113	WIPO PATENTSCOPE Glossary.

114	Overview of Activities and Outcomes of the Intergovernmental	Committee (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/12),

para. 37.

115	The Protection of Traditional Knowledge: Updated Draft Gap	Analysis: Revision, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/38/6, Annex I, p. 6.

116	Art.32(2), United Nations Declaration on the Rights of	Indigenous Peoples; See also United Nations Development 	Group, Guidelines Related to Indigenous Peoples.

117	Stephen Allen and Alexandra Xanthaki, “Reflections on the UN	Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”, Oxford and	Portland, Oregon, p.49. See also “United Nations Economic	and Social Council Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues”, Fourth	Session, and “Report of the International Workshop on	Methodologies regarding Free, Prior and Informed Consent and	Indigenous Peoples”, E/C.19/2005/3. p.8.

118	WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook, WIPO	Publication No. 489 (E), 2008, p. 19.

119	See Section 35 U.S.C. 102, available at:	 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1fbe1_19797_b0. It is referred to Section 35 U.S.C. 151 – Issue of patent, which	is available at:	 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title35/pdf/USCODE-2011-title35-partII-chap14-sec151.pdf 	and to Section 35	U.S.C. 122(b) – Confidential status of applications; publication	of patent applications, which is available at:	 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title35/pdf/USCODE-2011-title35-partII-chap11-sec122.pdf.

120	See Japanese Patent Law available at: 	 https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=16061.

121	Overview of Activities and Outcomes of the Intergovernmental	Committee (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/12),

para. 20.

122	Id,	paras. 21 and 22.

123	Id, para. 21.

124	Id, para. 28.

125	Jane Anderson, “Indigenous Knowledge/Traditional Knowledge and	Intellectual Property,” Issues Paper, Centre for the Public	Domain, Duke University, 2011, available at	 http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/itkpaper.

126	See document WIPO/GRTKF/17/INF/12.

127	See document SCP/13/5.

128	WIPO Guide to the Copyright and Related Rights Treaties by WIPO and	Glossary of Copyright and Related Rights Terms.

129	See document SCP/13/5.

130	See UNEP/CBD/WG-ABS/8/2, Report of the Meeting of the Group of	Technical and Legal Experts on Traditional Knowledge Associated with	Genetic Resources in the Context of the International Regime on	Access and Benefit-Sharing.

131	The Role of Registers & Databases in the Protection of	Traditional Knowledge: A Comparative Analysis. UNU-IAS Report,	January 2004, p. 32.

132	Id.

133	Id.

134	Article 16 of Law N° 27811, Law Introducing a Protection Regime for	the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples	Derived from Biological Resources. The law is available at	 https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3420.

135	Art. 6bis of the Berne Convention.

136	Sam Ricketson and Jane C. Ginsburg, International Copyright and	Neighboring Rights—The Berne Convention and Beyond, Oxford, Vol. I., p. 606.

137	Daniel J. Gervais, Spiritual but not Intellectual: the Protection of	Sacred Intangible Traditional Knowledge, 11 Cardozo J. Int’l &	Comp. L. 467, 469-490 (2003).

138	Gupta, A., “Rewarding Traditional Knowledge and Contemporary	Grassroots Creativity: The Role of Intellectual	Property Protection”, on file with the Secretariat.

139	See WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property	and Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999) “Intellectual Property Needs	and Expectations of Traditional Knowledge”, p. 171, available at	 https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/ffm/report/index.html.

140	Statement by the Delegation of New Zealand during the eleventh	session of the Committee. See Adopted Report of the Eleventh	Session (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/11/15), paragraph 220.

141	Statement by the Delegation of Japan during the eleventh session of	the Committee. See Adopted Report of the Eleventh Session	(WIPO/GRTKF/IC/11/15), paragraph 296.

142	The Protection of Traditional Knowledge: Draft Gap Analysis: 	Revision (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/13/5(b) Rev.),

p. 23 of Annex I, pages 11 and 16 of Annex II.

143	Pacific Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional	Knowledge and Expressions of Culture, 2002, Part I (4).

144	See Articles 15, 16 and 19 of the CBD.

145	See Articles 10-13 of the ITPGRFA.

146	See Article 8(j) of the CBD.

147	See document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/11/10.

148	Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of	Expressions of Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other	Prejudicial Actions, 1982,, Part III.

149	Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of	Expressions of Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other	Prejudicial Actions, 1982, Sect.2(iv).

150	Nino Pires de Carvalho, From the Shaman’s Hut to the Patent	Office: A Road Under Construction, Biodiversity and the Law, p. 244.

151	Consolidated Analysis of the Legal Protection of Traditional	Cultural Expressions, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/3, para. 53.

152	Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of	Expressions of Folklore against Illicit Exploitation and Other	Prejudicial Actions, 1982, Part III. 42.

153	Elements of a Sui Generis System for the Protection of Traditional	Knowledge (WIPO/GRTKF/IC/4/8), para. 27.

154	Consolidated Analysis of the Legal Protection of Traditional	Cultural Expressions, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/3,

para. 54.

155	Also see Marc G. Stevenson. “Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental	Assessments”, 49 ARCTIC 278 (1996), p. 281.

156	Fikret Berkes, Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective. Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. International	Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International	Development Research Centre, Ottawa.

157	See WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on	Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge (1998-1999)	“Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditional	Knowledge”, at p. 25, available at	 https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=283&plang=EN.

158	More information is available at	 http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/Abouttkdl.asp?GL=Eng

159	The Role of Registers & Databases in the Protection of	Traditional Knowledge: A Comparative Analysis. UNU-IAS Report,	January 2004, p. 18.

160	Id.

161	More information is available at	 http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/TKRC.asp?GL=Eng

162	WHO General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation	of Traditional Medicine (WHO/EDM/TRM/2000.1), p. 1.

163	WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005, p. 7.

164	See Articles 10-13 of the ITPGRFA.

165	See WIPO Document WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/9.

166	Consolidated Analysis of the Legal Protection of Traditional	Cultural Expressions, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/5/3,

para. 57.

167	Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement. Drafting and Analysis,	3rd Edition, Sweet & Maxwell, p. 132.

168	See	 http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

169	WIPO Documenting Traditional Knowledge – A	Toolkit is available at: 	 https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4235.