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Aguaruna is an indigenous American language of the Chicham language family which was formerly known as the Jivaroan family spoken by Aguaruna people in Peru. The speakers live along the western portion of the Marañón River and also along the Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. The most important tributaries along the Marañón river are the Cenepa, Santiago, Nieva, and Chiriaco Rivers. Native speakers currently prefer the name Awajún. According to the Ethnologue, there are almost no monolingual speakers; nearly all also speak Spanish. On the endangered language chart, it is ranked a 4 out of a possible 10 which indicates it as an educational language, meaning that it is a language taught in schools in this region. The school system begins with Aguaruna only; as the students progress, Spanish is gradually added. There is a positive outlook and connotation in regard to bilingualism. 60 to 100% are literate and 50 to 75% are literate in Spanish. Huambisa and Achuar-Siwiar are closely related languages. A modest dictionary of the language has been published. Ethnologue lists the number of speakers of Aguaruna to be estimated at 53,400, however the grammar which this page uses lists the number closer to 55,000.

''Merge Notes: The consonant chart I changed from the original a bit to more match mine as my citations are more recent than any of theirs. Also, they lacked to cite any of their sources. Under notes in the vowels and consonants section, citations are needed for the underlined portions. Also, portions of the lead that isn't my work or is not also confirmed from my sources need citation.''

Background
The first Europeans to make contact with Chicham speakers travelled across the Andes from the coast around the middle of the 16th century. In modern day, the population of Aguaruna speaking people has been expanding due to the introduction of modern health care and the reduction in warfare. Many native political organizations in Peru have a large number of Aguaruna people in positions of power that work to preserve their language, territory and culture. Aguaruna culture was completely non-literate before schools were established, so the rich traditional knowledge was passed through stories and song. In addition, because of the close proximity to Spanish and its intense contact, there are many loans and calques from Spanish in the Aguaruna language; there are also loans from Quechuan languages and some other indigenous languages as well.

Vowels
Notes:


 * Italics signify orthography and brackets indicate IPA
 * There are 11 total vowel phonemes in the language of Aguaruna. There is the front vowel /i/, the central vowels /ɨ/ and /a/, and the back vowel /u/. Each of these vowels has both an oral and nasal realization. There are also three diphthongs: /ai/, /aɨ/, and /au/
 * The close back is the only rounded vowel and is recorded as "a somewhat lower realization than the cardinal vowel, and would be more accurately transcribed as /ʊ/. For consistency with the orthographic standard... keep the symbol /u/"
 * All vowels can be nasalized or lengthened. Nasal vowels may be ĩ ẽ ũ ã but are often not distinguished in writing, though they may be the only cue for nasalized consonants

Consonants
Notes:


 * Italics signify orthography and brackets indicate IPA
 * There are 15 (not including [ŋ]: see note below) consonant phonemes in the language of Aguaruna. There are six places of articulation and six manners of articulation
 * The glottal stop [ʔ] and the flap [ɾ] are marginal phonemes meaning they have limited distributions appearing in less than 10 lexemes each
 * The existence of the voiced plosives and  is disputed, they are in free variation with  and
 * Some interpret and   as allophones, with  appearing at the onset and  in the coda. However, both may occur intervocalically. Older speakers may have the allophone  for  in word-final position
 * Others consider them distinct phonemes, with having the allophone
 * is written ñ when nasalized due to a following nasal vowel

Syllable Structure
In Aguaruna, "the onset consists of just one consonant; only word-initial syllables may lack an onset, so the minimum syllable is CV word-internally, and V word-initially". This is demonstrated through the following examples of syllable structure : The minimum to create a word in Aguaruna is the form CV.CV where the V can also take form of a long vowel or diphthong. This can be illustrated in the word /kii.wi/ meaning 'centipede'. The syllable structure is CV.CV with the first V being a long vowel.

Accent
The language of Aguaruna is "neither a prototypical stress nor a tone system, but shows a combination of properties typically associated with both types" In every phonological word, a vocalic mora is made prominent with a higher pitch. This is similar to a tone system. Intonation of vowels and diphthongs vary due to the location of the high tone which would not be true for a stress system by definition. But, accents in Aguaruna are both culminative and obligatory meaning "every phonological word has one and only one primary accent," which is a common trait among stress systems.

Morphology
Aguaruna is a synthetic agglutinating language with the attachment of morphemes of nominal morphology done primarily by suffixing and enclitics and verbal morphology is nearly all suffixing. There is one specific case in verbal morphology where a prefix is used.

Note: Suffixes and clitics used in nominal morphology are the basis of discussing derivational and inflectional morphemes. This is because using the division of derivational and inflectional morphemes to describe verbs in Aguaruna is not completely useful in analysis. This is true for agglutinating languages in general due to the levels of verbal morphology.

Derivational Affixes
A major category of derivational affixes is the verbalizer. The suffixes used in verbalization are characterized by this table : Another major category of derivational affixes are the nominalizing suffixes. The suffixes used are represented by the following table : The simplest case of seeing how these nominalizers work are in the five following examples where the nominalizing suffix is used to make the root verb into a noun:

ha-ta

be.sick-ACT.NMLZ

'sickness'

hintintu-hakatu-inu

teach.1PL.OBJ-NMLZ

'teacher' lit. 'one who teaches'

yu-taī

eat.NSBJ.NMLZ

'food'

waima-ka-u

see.vision-PFV-NMLZ

'a person who has received spirit power from seeing a vision'

auhuma-ta-mau

tell.story-APPL+IPFV-NSBJ.NMLZ

'traditional story' Other derivational suffixes are as follows: Negative → /-chau/, Diminutive → /-uchi/, Similative → /-mamtin/, Attributive → /-tinu/, Possessive → /-nau/

Prefixes (Derivational)
There is one prefix slot and it occurs in causative verbs (causative verbs are formed by prefixing a vowel or made by the suffix /-mitika/).The derivational prefix is one of the four regular vowels that precedes the root verb. The vowel used for the prefix is unpredictable. For example, the word /yu/ - 'eat' when given the prefix /a-/ is transformed into /-ayuhu/ - 'feed'.

Possession Affixes
The main inflectional suffixes in Aguaruna are better defined as possession suffixes. Possessed noun marking is marked by the root suffix [-hu / vowel change]. There are also object marking suffixes which are verbal suffixes represented by either /-hu/ or /-tu/. Suffixes are also used in Aguaruna to mark tenses → the lack of a suffix/formal markings on a verb usually implies present tense. Following the root of the word, possession suffixes always precede the derivational suffix with the exception of the derivational diminutive suffix [-uchi] which can sometimes precede the possession marking. However, the suffix cannot be used both before the possession marking and after simultaneously in the same word. It must either be before or after the possession suffix.

Clitics
All of the clitics in Aguaruna are enclitics and there are many uses for them such as marking cases; restrictive marking; being used as discourse markers like topic and additive; mood and modality markers like question topic marking and speculative marking; and copula enclitics. Enclitics in Aguaruna are divided into inflectional and discourse enclitics.

Inflectional Enclitics
Inflectional enclitics are found on nouns, adjectives, pronouns and nominalizations. An example of an inflectional enclitic is the accusative case. Here is an example:

amicha   [atashu          muunta=na]     yu-a-u

Fox          chicken         big=ACC         eat-PFV-NMLZ

‘a fox ate the big chicken’

In this case, the enclitic “=na” is being used as an accusative case enclitic which marks the direct object of the transitive verb.

All of the case clitics mentioned above would also fall under the inflectional enclitics category.

Discourse Enclitics
Discourse enclitics are found on NP constituents, adverbial words and subordinate clauses. An example of a discourse enclitic is mood/modality which can be illustrated through the example of a question topic. Here is an example:

hu       =sha

PROX. =Q.TOP

‘(What about) this?’

In this example, the enclitic “=sha” is used as a mood/modality enclitic demonstrating a question topic. It is ultimately changing the meaning of the sentence to one that is a question. Other examples here as stated above would be speculative and polar interrogative markers.

Cases
In a nominal word, case enclitics appear after the derivational and possession suffixes, but precede the restrictive, discourse, mood/modality and copula enclitics. Case enclitics include nominative, accusative, genitive, commitative, locative, instrumental, ablative and vocative cases. The table that depicts this marking is illustrated below :

Partial Reduplication
Aguaruna uses partial reduplication when creating word frames that reuse a verb. For example, Aguaruna would use partial reduplication to represent the English frame "hitting and hitting' or "fanning and fanning". The language does this by copying the first syllable and the onset and nucleus of the second syllable and placing this partial reduplication before the root that was being reduplicated. This is illustrated in the following example:

asu          asuti-ina-kawã

REDUP     hit-PL:IPFV-REP+3:SS

'hitting and hitting'

In this example, the suffix -kawã is a repetitive suffix, which obligatorily co-occurs with reduplication. Another instance of reduplication is with the suffix -ima which is the equivalent of the English "even". For instance:

nuwai         nuwa-ima             impama-tu-ã

REDUP      woman-EVEN       invite-APPL-PFV+SEQ+3:SS

'having invited even the women...'

Finally, using partial reduplication that works alongside numbers encodes the meaning "each". The rules work similarly to those stated above, so the reduplication would work on the Aguaruna word meaning "one" to create the phrase: "one each" as illustrated:

maki        makitʃiki

REDUP   one

'one each'

Compounding
Aguaruna uses compounding to compound nouns. For example, ikama = 'forest' and yawaã = 'dog'. When combined in that order, the resulting word is ikama yawaã meaning 'jaguar' (p. 124). These words in Aguaruna would be said together as one word. In addition, there are instances where the Aguarunan words appear as two phonological words, but they still display dependent behaviors making them compounding.

Syntax
The basic word order in a transitive clause in Aguaruna is SOV. Clauses where one or both arguments are ellipted are more common. The basic word order can be seen in the following examples:

S              O                      V

dapi          uchi=na           ɨsa-ini-ɨ̃

Snake      child=ACC       bite-PFV-3+DECL

‘the snake has bitten the child’

S                      O                                 V

[wi]NP:A           [atashu=na]NP:O           yu-a-ta-ha-i

1sg                  chicken=ACC             eat-PFV-IFUT-1SG-DECL

‘IAam going to eat chicken’

S                      O                                 V

ikam_yawaã    kuchi=na                     ɨsa-ka-ɨ̃

jaguar              pig=ACC                    bite-PFV-3+DECL

‘the jaguar has devoured the pig’

Illustrated below are two types of head + complement pairs in Aguaruna:

YES/NO QUESTION PARTICLE + CLAUSE
yu-a-imɨ               =ka

Eat-PFV-2SG. =Q

'have you eaten?'

ADPOSITION + NOUN PHRASE
hɨ̃.ɰa                    =nu.ma=ya

house                   =LOC=ABL

'from the house'

The strong tendency in the basic constituent order in Aguaruna is predicate-final where the object typically immediately precedes the verb.

Case & Agreement
Aguaruna uses inflectional morphology to mark case and agreement. The language abides by the nominative/accusative alignment where, in an object NP, the transitive object is marked uniquely with the case enclitic '=na'. This is true unless the sentence has a second person or first plural subject acting upon a third person object. Third person objects take an unmarked nominative case when the subject is either first person plural or second person.